The texts reproduced here do not have the legal standing of the original documents which are entrusted and kept at the WTO Secretariat in Geneva.

> Preamble
> Article I
> Article II
> Article III
> Article IV
> Article V
> Article VI
> Article VII
> Article VIII
> Article IX
> Article X
> Article XI
> Article XII
> Article XIII
> Article XIV
> Article XV
> Article XVI
> Explanatory notes
> Declaration on the contribution of the World Trade Organization to achieving greater coherence in global economic policymaking
> Declaration on the relationship of the World Trade Organization with the International Monetary Fund
> Decision on the acceptance of and accession to the agreement establishing the World Trade Organization
> Decision on measures in favour of least-developed countries
> Understanding in respect of waivers of obligations under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994
> Accessions under Article XXXIII
> WTO Membership
> WTO Observers
> Doha Texts
> The July Package
> General Interpretative Note to Annex 1A

> Analytical Index main page

XIV. Article XIII    back to top

A. Text of Article XIII

Article XIII: Non-Application of Multilateral Trade Agreements between Particular Members

1.       This Agreement and the Multilateral Trade Agreements in Annexes 1 and 2 shall not apply as between any Member and any other Member if either of the Members, at the time either becomes a Member, does not consent to such application.

2.       Paragraph 1 may be invoked between original Members of the WTO which were contracting parties to GATT 1947 only where Article XXXV of that Agreement had been invoked earlier and was effective as between those contracting parties at the time of entry into force for them of this Agreement.

3.       Paragraph 1 shall apply between a Member and another Member which has acceded under Article XII only if the Member not consenting to the application has so notified the Ministerial Conference before the approval of the agreement on the terms of accession by the Ministerial Conference.

4.       The Ministerial Conference may review the operation of this Article in particular cases at the request of any Member and make appropriate recommendations.

5.       Non-application of a Plurilateral Trade Agreement between parties to that Agreement shall be governed by the provisions of that Agreement.

 
B. Interpretation and Application of Article XIII

1. Article XIII:1

(a) “This Agreement … shall not apply as between any Member and any other Member … if either … does not consent”

201.   As at 31 December 2004, three Members had invoked this Article with respect to other Members. The United States invoked Article XIII:1 with respect to Romania(387), Mongolia(388), Kyrgyz Republic(389), Georgia(390), Moldova(391) and Armenia(392). As at 31 December 2004, the United States had revoked its invocation with respect to Romania(393), Mongolia(394), the Kyrgyz Republic(395) and Georgia.(396)

202.   El Salvador(397) invoked Article XIII with respect to China on 5 November 2001.

203.   Turkey(398) invoked Article XIII with respect to Armenia on 29 November 2001.

XV. Article XIV    back to top

A. Text of Article XIV

Article XIV: Acceptance, Entry into Force and Deposit

1.       This Agreement shall be open for acceptance, by signature or otherwise, by contracting parties to GATT 1947, and the European Communities, which are eligible to become original Members of the WTO in accordance with Article XI of this Agreement. Such acceptance shall apply to this Agreement and the Multilateral Trade Agreements annexed hereto. This Agreement and the Multilateral Trade Agreements annexed hereto shall enter into force on the date determined by Ministers in accordance with paragraph 3 of the Final Act Embodying the Results of the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations and shall remain open for acceptance for a period of two years following that date unless the Ministers decide otherwise. An acceptance following the entry into force of this Agreement shall enter into force on the 30th day following the date of such acceptance.

2.       A Member which accepts this Agreement after its entry into force shall implement those concessions and obligations in the Multilateral Trade Agreements that are to be implemented over a period of time starting with the entry into force of this Agreement as if it had accepted this Agreement on the date of its entry into force.

3.       Until the entry into force of this Agreement, the text of this Agreement and the Multilateral Trade Agreements shall be deposited with the Director-General to the CONTRACTING PARTIES to GATT 1947. The Director-General shall promptly furnish a certified true copy of this Agreement and the Multilateral Trade Agreements, and a notification of each acceptance thereof, to each government and the European Communities having accepted this Agreement. This Agreement and the Multilateral Trade Agreements, and any amendments thereto, shall, upon the entry into force of this Agreement, be deposited with the Director-General of the WTO.

4.       The acceptance and entry into force of a Plurilateral Trade Agreement shall be governed by the provisions of that Agreement. Such Agreements shall be deposited with the Director-General to the CONTRACTING PARTIES to GATT 1947. Upon the entry into force of this Agreement, such Agreements shall be deposited with the Director-General of the WTO.

 
B. Interpretation and Application of Article XIV

1. Transition from GATT 1947 to the WTO

204.   The Preparatory Committee for the World Trade Organization adopted Decisions on the transitional co-existence of the GATT 1947 and the WTO Agreement(399) on 8 December 1994. The General Council also adopted a decision to avoid procedural and institutional duplication at its meeting of 31 January 1995.(400)

205.   In addition, the Preparatory Committee adopted Decisions to deal with cases of withdrawal from or termination of certain agreements associated with the GATT 1947(401) on 8 December 1994. The General Council similarly adopted a decision for invocations of provisions for delayed application and reservations under the Customs Valuation Agreement by developing countries.(402)

206.   Pursuant to the Decision adopted on 8 December 1994 (see paragraph 204 above)(403), the General Council adopted a Decision on participation of certain signatories of the Final Act (who were eligible to become original Members of the WTO) at its meeting of 31 January 1995.(404) See also Section II on Institutions and Procedure of the GATT Analytical Index.

2. Article XIV:1

(a) Date of entry into force of the WTO Agreement

207.   The WTO Agreement entered into force on 1 January 1995.(405)

3. Article XIV:3

(a) Notifications of acceptance of the WTO Agreement

(i) Acceptance before 1 January 1995

208.   Pursuant to Article XIV:3, the Director-General of the WTO issued notifications of acceptance for the following States and separate customs territories: Antigua and Barbuda(406), Argentina(407), Australia(408), Austria(409), Bahrain(410), Bangladesh(411), Barbados(412), Belgium(413), Belize(414), Brazil(415), Brunei Darussalam(416), Canada(417), Chile(418), Costa Rica(419), Côte d’Ivoire(420), Czech Republic(421), Denmark(422), Dominica(423), European Community(424), Finland(425), France(426), Gabon(427), Germany(428), Ghana(429), Greece(430), Guyana(431), Honduras(432), Hong Kong(433), Hungary(434), Iceland(435), India(436), Indonesia(437), Ireland(438), Italy(439), Japan(440), Kenya(441), Korea(442), Kuwait(443), Luxembourg(444), Macau(445), Malaysia(446), Malta(447), Mauritius(448), Mexico(449), Morocco(450), Myanmar(451), Namibia(452), Netherlands(453), New Zealand(454), Nigeria(455), Norway(456), Pakistan(457), Paraguay(458), Peru(459), Philippines(460), Portugal(461), Romania(462), Saint Lucia(463), Saint Vincent and the Grenadines(464), Senegal(465), Singapore(466), Slovak Republic(467), South Africa(468), Spain(469), Sri Lanka(470), Suriname(471), Swaziland(472), Sweden(473), Tanzania(474), Thailand(475), Uganda(476), United Kingdom(477), United States(478), Uruguay(479), Venezuela(480) and Zambia.(481)

(ii) Acceptance after 1 January 1995

209.   The notification requirement is the same for countries accepting before or after 1 January 1995. However, under Article XIV:1, acceptances after 1 January 1995 enter into force on the 30th day following the date of such acceptance. Thus, the notifications of acceptance for these countries also indicate the date of entry into force of the Agreement. The following countries accepted the WTO Agreement after 1 January 1995: Trinidad and Tobago(482), Zimbabwe(483), Dominican Republic(484), Jamaica(485), Turkey(486), Tunisia(487), Cuba(488), Israel(489), Colombia(490), El Salvador(491), Burkina Faso(492), Egypt(493), Botswana(494), Central African Republic(495), Djibouti(496), Guinea Bissau(497), Lesotho(498), Malawi(499), Mali(500), Maldives(501), Mauritania(502), Togo(503), Poland(504), Switzerland(505), Guatemala(506), Burundi(507), Sierra Leone(508), Cyprus(509), Slovenia(510), Mozambique(511), Liechtenstein(512), Nicaragua(513), Bolivia(514), Guinea(515), Madagascar(516), Cameroon(517), Fiji(518), Haiti(519), Benin(520), Rwanda(521), Solomon Islands(522), Chad(523), the Gambia(524), Angola(525), Niger(526), Zaire(527), the Republic of the Congo(528), Panama(529), Latvia(530), Kyrgyz Republic(531), Estonia(532), Jordan(533), Georgia(534), Albania(535), Croatia(536), Oman(537), Lithuania(538) and Moldova(539), China(540) and Chinese Taipei(541), Armenia(542), Cambodia(543), Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia(544), and Nepal(545).

4. Article XIV:4

(a) Acceptance and entry into force of the Plurilateral Trade Agreements

(i) International Dairy Agreement

210.   Acceptance of the International Dairy Agreement was governed by the provisions of Article VIII of that Agreement.(546) however, the International Dairy Agreement was deleted from Annex 4 by a decision of the General Council.(547)

(ii) International Bovine Meat Agreement

211.   Acceptance of the International Bovine Meat Agreement was governed by the provisions of Article VI of that Agreement.(548) however, the International Bovine Meat Agreement was terminated by a decision of the General Council.(549)

(iii) Agreement on Civil Aircraft

212.   Acceptance of the Agreement on Civil Aircraft is governed by the provisions of Article 9 of that Agreement. It states: “This Agreement shall be open for acceptance by signature or otherwise by governments contracting parties to the GATT and by the European Economic Community”.(550)

(iv) Agreement on Government Procurement

213.   Acceptance of the Agreement on Government Procurement is governed by the provisions of Article XXIV:1 of that Agreement.(551)

XVI. Article XV    back to top

A. Text of Article XV

Article XV: Withdrawal

1.       Any Member may withdraw from this Agreement. Such withdrawal shall apply both to this Agreement and the Multilateral Trade Agreements and shall take effect upon the expiration of six months from the date on which written notice of withdrawal is received by the Director-General of the WTO.

2.       Withdrawal from a Plurilateral Trade Agreement shall be governed by the provisions of that Agreement.

 
B. Interpretation and Application of Article XV

1. Article XV:1

(a) “Any member may withdraw from this Agreement”

214.   No Member has withdrawn from the WTO Agreement to date (31 December 2004).

2. Article XV:2

(a) “Withdrawal from a Plurilateral Trade Agreement”

215.   No Member has withdrawn from any Plurilateral Agreement to date (31 December 2004).

XVII. Article XVI    back to top

A. Text of Article XVI

Article XVI: Miscellaneous Provisions

1.       Except as otherwise provided under this Agreement or the Multilateral Trade Agreements, the WTO shall be guided by the decisions, procedures and customary practices followed by the CONTRACTING PARTIES to GATT 1947 and the bodies established in the framework of GATT 1947.

2.       To the extent practicable, the Secretariat of GATT 1947 shall become the Secretariat of the WTO, and the Director-General to the CONTRACTING PARTIES to GATT 1947, until such time as the Ministerial Conference has appointed a Director-General in accordance with paragraph 2 of Article VI of this Agreement, shall serve as Director-General of the WTO.

3.       In the event of a conflict between a provision of this Agreement and a provision of any of the Multilateral Trade Agreements, the provision of this Agreement shall prevail to the extent of the conflict.

4.       Each Member shall ensure the conformity of its laws, regulations and administrative procedures with its obligations as provided in the annexed Agreements.

5.       No reservations may be made in respect of any provision of this Agreement. Reservations in respect of any of the provisions of the Multilateral Trade Agreements may only be made to the extent provided for in those Agreements. Reservations in respect of a provision of a Plurilateral Trade Agreement shall be governed by the provisions of that Agreement.

6.       This Agreement shall be registered in accordance with the provisions of Article 102 of the Charter of the United Nations.

 
B. Interpretation and Application of Article XVI

1. Article XVI:1

(a) “the WTO shall be guided by the decisions, procedures and customary practices followed by the CONTRACTING PARTIES to GATT 1947”

216.   In Japan — Alcoholic Beverages II, the Appellate Body referred to Article XVI:1 in the course of examining the legal effect of panel reports adopted by the CONTRACTING PARTIES to GATT 1947 or the Dispute Settlement Body.(552) The Appellate Body stated:

“Article XVI:1 of the WTO Agreement and paragraph 1(b)(iv) of the language of Annex 1A incorporating the GATT 1994 into the WTO Agreement bring the legal history and experience under the GATT 1947 into the new realm of the WTO in a way that ensures continuity and consistency in a smooth transition from the GATT 1947 system. This affirms the importance to the Members of the WTO of the experience acquired by the CONTRACTING PARTIES to the GATT 1947 — and acknowledges the continuing relevance of that experience to the new trading system served by the WTO.”(553)

(b) Status of bilateral agreements

217.   In EC — Poultry, the Appellate Body upheld the Panel’s rejection of Brazil’s argument that “the MFN principle under Articles I and XIII of GATT does not necessarily apply to TRQs opened as a result of the compensation negotiations under Article XXVIII of GATT”. In so doing, the Appellate Body found that the Oilseeds Agreement, which was a bilateral agreement between the European Communities and Brazil under Article XXVIII of the GATT 1947, does not constitute part of the “decisions, procedures and customary practices followed by the CONTRACTING PARTIES to GATT 1947” within the meaning of Article XVI:1. The Appellate Body stated: “These ‘decisions, procedures and customary practices’ include only those taken or followed by the CONTRACTING PARTIES to the GATT 1947 acting jointly.”(554)

(c) Status of subsequent agreements

218.   In Brazil — Desiccated Coconut, the Panel examined the legal relevance under Article XVI:1 of the Tokyo Round SCM Code and the practice of Code signatories to the interpretation of GATT Article VI and the SCM Agreement and stated:

“We recognize that the Pork Panel had indicated, in passing, that the Tokyo Round SCM Code represents ‘practice’ under Article VI of GATT 1947. Article 31.3(b) of the Vienna Convention provides that there may be taken into account, when interpreting a treaty, ‘[a]ny subsequent practice in the application of the treaty which establishes the agreement of the parties regarding its interpretation’. Article 31.3 clearly distinguishes between the use of subsequent agreements and of subsequent practice as interpretive tools. The Tokyo Round SCM Code is, in our view, in the former category and cannot itself reasonably be deemed to represent ‘customary practice’ of the GATT 1947 CONTRACTING PARTIES. In any event, while the practice of Code signatories might be of some interpretive value in establishing their agreement regarding the interpretation of the Tokyo Round SCM Code (and arguably through Article XVI:1 of the WTO Agreement in interpreting provisions of that Code that were carried over into the successor SCM Agreement), it is clearly not relevant to the interpretation of Article VI of GATT 1994 itself; rather, only practice under Article VI of GATT 1947 is legally relevant to the interpretation of Article VI of GATT 1994.”(555)

(d) Status of unadopted panel reports

219.   In Argentina — Textiles and Apparel, the Appellate Body reversed the Panel’s finding that past GATT practice has generally required that once a Member has indicated the type(s) of duties in specifying its bound rate, it must apply such type(s) of duties, and explained the status of GATT panel reports:

“We are not persuaded that the past GATT practice is clear. The three working party reports cited by the Panel did not arise in the context of dispute settlement cases brought pursuant to Article XXIII of the GATT 1947, unlike some working party reports in GATT history that resulted from complaints made under Article XXIII.(556) We also note that these three working party reports did not result in the CONTRACTING PARTIES giving a ruling or making recommendations, pursuant to Article XXIII:2 of the GATT 1994, on whether a variance in the type of duty applied by a contracting party from the type of duty provided for in its Schedule constituted an infringement of Article II:1 of the GATT 1947.(557) The Panel also referred to the report of the Panel on Newsprint that did not, on its facts, deal with the application by a contracting party of a specific duty rather than an ad valorem duty provided for in its Schedule.(558) Finally, the Panel relied extensively on the unadopted panel report in Bananas II. In our Report in Japan — Taxes on Alcoholic Beverages(559), we agreed with that panel that ‘unadopted panel reports have no legal status in the GATT or WTO system …, although we believe that a panel could nevertheless find useful guidance in the reasoning of an unadopted panel report that it considered to be relevant’. In the case before us, the Panel’s use of the Bananas II panel report appears to have gone beyond deriving ‘useful guidance’ from the reasoning employed in that unadopted panel report. The Panel, in fact, relies upon the Bananas II panel report.”(560)

(e) Status of decisions by GATT 1947 Council

220.   In US — FSC, the Appellate Body examined the legal relevance to the interpretation of the SCM Agreement and GATT Article XVI:4 of the 1981 decision by the GATT 1947 Council to adopt the four panel reports on Belgium — Income Tax, US — DISC, France — Income Tax and Netherlands — Income Tax, subject to certain understandings. The Appellate Body stated:

“We recognize that, as ‘decisions’ within the meaning of Article XVI:1 of the WTO Agreement, the adopted panel reports in the Tax Legislation Cases, together with the 1981 Council action, could provide ‘guidance’ to the WTO.”(561)

221.   In this regard, the Panel on US — FSC stated:

“Article XVI:1 of the WTO Agreement on its face is not limited to decisions in the form of ‘legal instruments’, but rather applies to all decisions by the CONTRACTING PARTIES to GATT 1947 — including decisions to adopt panel reports — as well as to procedures and customary practices of the CONTRACTING PARTIES.”(562)

(f) Status of adopted panel reports

222.   The Appellate Body on Japan — Alcoholic Beverages II noted that the Panel in that case, stated that adopted panel reports “are often considered by subsequent panels” and that “they create legitimate expectations among WTO Members, and, therefore, should be taken into account where they are relevant to any dispute.”(563) The Appellate Body found that adopted panel reports are not binding “except with respect to resolving the particular dispute between the parties to that dispute”:

“Adopted panel reports are an important part of the GATT acquis. They are often considered by subsequent panels. They create legitimate expectations among WTO Members, and, therefore, should be taken into account where they are relevant to any dispute. However, they are not binding, except with respect to resolving the particular dispute between the parties to that dispute.(564) In short, their character and their legal status have not been changed by the coming into force of the WTO Agreement.

For these reasons, we do not agree with the Panel’s conclusion in paragraph 6.10 of the Panel Report that ‘panel reports adopted by the GATT CONTRACTING PARTIES and the WTO Dispute Settlement Body constitute subsequent practice in a specific case’ as the phrase ‘subsequent practice’ is used in Article 31 of the Vienna Convention. Further, we do not agree with the Panel’s conclusion in the same paragraph of the Panel Report that adopted panel reports in themselves constitute ‘other decisions of the CONTRACTING PARTIES to GATT 1947’ for the purposes of paragraph 1(b)(iv) of the language of Annex 1A incorporating the GATT 1994 into the WTO Agreement.

However, we agree with the Panel’s conclusion in that same paragraph of the Panel Report that unadopted panel reports ‘have no legal status in the GATT or WTO system since they have not been endorsed through decisions by the CONTRACTING PARTIES to GATT or WTO Members’. Likewise, we agree that ‘a panel could nevertheless find useful guidance in the reasoning of an unadopted panel report that it considered to be relevant.”(565)

(g) Status of panel findings that are not appealed

223.   In Canada — Periodicals, the Appellate Body stated:

“[A] panel finding that has not been specifically appealed in a particular case should not be considered to have been endorsed by the Appellate Body. Such a finding may be examined by the Appellate Body when the issue is raised properly in a subsequent appeal.”(566)

(i) Relationship with Paragraph 1(b) of GATT 1994

224.   In US — FSC, with respect to the difference in scope between Article XVI:1 of the WTO Agreement and Paragraph 1(b) of the GATT 1994, the Panel stated:

“In our view, the difference between the more particularly defined range of actions falling within the ambit of Article XVI:1 of the WTO Agreement and the list of ‘legal instruments’ that are incorporated into GATT 1994 pursuant to the language in Annex 1A incorporating GATT 1994 into the WTO Agreement is explained by the different implications of the two provisions. Inclusion of a decision in the language of Annex 1A means that the decision actually becomes part of GATT 1994 and thus of the WTO Agreement. Inclusion of a decision within the scope of Article XVI:1 of the WTO Agreement, on the other hand, means that the WTO ‘shall be guided’ by that decision. A decision which is part of GATT 1994 is legally binding on all WTO Members (to the extent it is not in conflict with a provision of another Annex 1A agreement), while a decision which provides ‘guidance’ in our view is not legally binding but provides direction to the WTO. It is important to note that, as explained by the Appellate Body, adopted panel reports should be taken into account ‘where they are relevant to a dispute’. In our view, this consideration applies equally to any other decision, procedure or customary practice of the CONTRACTING PARTIES to GATT 1947.”(567)

225.   See also paragraph 216 above, and Section I.B.1 of the Chapter on the GATT 1994.

2. Article XVI:2

(a) “the Director-General to the CONTRACTING PARTIES to GATT 1947, …, shall serve as Director-General of the WTO”

226.   Mr Peter Sutherland, Director-General to the GATT 1947, served as the first Director-General to the WTO from 1 January 1995 to 30 April 1995. See paragraph 141 above.

227.   As regards the procedures governing the appointment of the Director-General, see Section VII.B.2 above.

3. Article XVI:4

(a) “Each Member shall ensure the conformity of its laws, regulations and administrative procedures”

228.   In US — 1916 Act (Japan), the Appellate Body upheld the Panel’s findings of violation(568) that a breach of any provision of any annexed agreement gives rise to a violation of Article XVI:4 of the WTO Agreement.

“With respect to Article XVI:4 of the Agreement Establishing the WTO, we note that, if some of the terms of Article XVI:4 differ from those of Article 18.4, they are identical and unqualified as far as the basic obligation of ensuring the conformity of laws, regulations and administrative procedures found in both articles is concerned. The same reasoning as for Article 18.4 applies to Article XVI:4 regarding the terms found in both provisions. In other words, if a provision of an ‘annexed Agreement’ is breached, a violation of Article XVI:4 immediately occurs. GATT 1994 is one of the ‘annexed Agreements’ within the meaning of Article XVI:4. Since we found that provisions of Article VI of the GATT 1994 have been breached, we conclude that, by violating this provision, the United States violates Article XVI:4 of the WTO Agreement.”(569)

229.   In US — Section 301 Trade Act, the Panel described the role of Article XVI as confirming the following “GATT acquis”:

“As a general proposition, GATT acquis, confirmed in Article XVI:4 of the WTO Agreement and recent WTO panel reports, make abundantly clear that legislation as such, independently from its application in specific cases, may breach GATT/WTO obligations:

(a) In GATT jurisprudence, to give one example, legislation providing for tax discrimination against imported products was found to be GATT inconsistent even before it had actually been applied to specific products and thus before any given product had actually been discriminated against.

(b) Article XVI:4 of the WTO Agreement explicitly confirms that legislation as such falls within the scope of possible WTO violations. It provides as follows:

‘Each Member shall ensure the conformity of its laws, regulations and administrative procedures with its obligations as provided in the annexed Agreements’ (emphasis added).

The three types of measures explicitly made subject to the obligations imposed in the WTO Agreements — ‘laws, regulations and administrative procedures’ — are measures that are applicable generally; not measures taken necessarily in a specific case or dispute. Article XVI:4, though not expanding the material obligations under WTO Agreements, expands the type of measures made subject to these obligations.

(c) Recent WTO panel reports confirm, too, that legislation as such, independently from its application in a specific case, can be inconsistent with WTO rules.

Legislation my thus breach WTO obligations. This must be true, too, in respect of Article 23 of the DSU. This is so, in our view, not only because of the above mentioned case law and Article XVI:4, but also because of the very nature of obligations under Article 23.”(570)

230.   The Appellate Body on US — Hot-Rolled Steel from Japan upheld the Panel’s finding of a violation of Article 9.4 of the Anti-Dumping Agreement, and the “consequent findings” that the US acted inconsistently with inter alia, Article XVI:4 of the WTO Agreement(571).

231.   In US — Countervailing Measures on Certain EC Products, the Panel concluded that 19 U.S.C. § 1677(5)(F) mandated the United States to act inconsistently with the SCM Agreement and with Article XVI:4 of the WTO Agreement, and, as such, was inconsistent with United States’ obligations:

“[T]he aggregate effect of the legislative history, object and purpose of Section 1677(5)(F), the Statement of Administrative Action, and the determinative interpretation of that legislation by the US Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, is to mandate an application of Section 1677(5)(F) that will be inconsistent with Articles 10, 14, 19, and 21 of the SCM Agreement since it prohibits the relevant authority from adopting a general rule that in all situations of arm’s length privatizations for fair market value, no benefit from prior financial contributions … continues to accrue to the privatized producer, even though Section 1677(5)(F)’s statutory language alone would not mandate a violation of the SCM Agreement and the WTO Agreement.”(572)

232.   However, the Appellate Body disagreed and reversed the Panel’s finding:(573)

“We agree with the Panel that privatization at arm’s length and at fair market price will usually extinguish the remaining part of a benefit bestowed by a prior, non-recurring financial contribution. However, we disagree with the Panel that this result will necessarily and always follow from every privatization at arm’s length and for fair market value … The Panel’s basis for this finding is incorrect.”(574)

233.   The Appellate Body on US — Offset Act (“Byrd Amendment”) found that violations of Article 18.1 of the Anti-Dumping Agreement and Article 32.1 of the SCM Agreement implied a violation of Article XVI:4 of the WTO Agreement.(575)

4. Article XVI:5

(a) “Reservations in respect of any of the provisions of the Multilateral Trade Agreements”

234.   Exceptions to the “principle of non-reservation” are provided in the following articles:

(a)     Agreement on Implementation of Article VII of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994 — Article 21 and paragraph 2 of Annex III;

(b)     Agreement on Implementation of Article VI of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994 — Article 18.2;

(c)     Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade — Article 15.1;

(d)     Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures — Article 32.2; and

(e)     TRIPS — Article 72.

235.   As of 31 December 2004, no reservation has been made under the provisions noted in paragraph 234 above.

(b) “Reservations in respect of a provision of a Plurilateral Trade Agreement”

236.   The following Agreements provide for reservations:

(a)     Agreement on Civil Aircraft — Article 9.2.1;

(b)     Agreement on Government Procurement — Article XXIV:4;

(c)     International Dairy Agreement — Article VIII:1(b); and

(d)     International Bovine Meat Agreement — Article VI:1(b).

237.   As of 31 December 2004, no reservation has been made under any of the Plurilateral Agreements in paragraph 236 above.

5. Article XVI:6

(a) Registration of the Agreement

238.   The WTO Agreement was registered on 1 June 1995(576) in accordance with Article 102 of the United Nations Charter.(577)

XVIII. Explanatory Notes    back to top

A. Text of Explanatory Notes

Explanatory Notes

          The terms “country” or “countries” as used in this Agreement and the Multilateral Trade Agreements are to be understood to include any separate customs territory Member of the WTO.

In the case of a separate customs territory Member of the WTO, where an expression in this Agreement and the Multilateral Trade Agreements is qualified by the term “national”, such expression shall be read as pertaining to that customs territory, unless otherwise specified.

 
B. Interpretation and Application of the Explanatory Notes

No jurisprudence or decision of a competent WTO body.

XIX. Declaration on the Contribution of the World Trade Organization to Achieving Greater Coherence in Global Economic Policymaking    back to top

A. Text

1.       Ministers recognize that the globalization of the world economy has led to ever growing interactions between the economic policies pursued by individual countries, including interactions between the structural, macroeconomic, trade, financial and development aspects of economic policymaking. The task of achieving harmony between these policies falls primarily on governments at the national level, but their coherence internationally is an important and valuable element in increasing the effectiveness of these policies at national level. The Agreements reached in the Uruguay Round show that all the participating governments recognize the contribution that liberal trading policies can make to the healthy growth and development of their own economies and of the world economy as a whole.

2.       Successful cooperation in each area of economic policy contributes to progress in other areas. Greater exchange rate stability, based on more orderly underlying economic and financial conditions, should contribute towards the expansion of trade, sustainable growth and development, and the correction of external imbalances. There is also a need for an adequate and timely flow of concessional and non-concessional financial and real investment resources to developing countries and for further efforts to address debt problems, to help ensure economic growth and development. Trade liberalization forms an increasingly important component in the success of the adjustment programmes that many countries are undertaking, often involving significant transitional social costs. In this connection, Ministers note the role of the World Bank and the IMF in supporting adjustment to trade liberalization, including support to net food-importing developing countries facing short-term costs arising from agricultural trade reforms.

3.       The positive outcome of the Uruguay Round is a major contribution towards more coherent and complementary international economic policies. The results of the Uruguay Round ensure an expansion of market access to the benefit of all countries, as well as a framework of strengthened multilateral disciplines for trade. They also guarantee that trade policy will be conducted in a more transparent manner and with greater awareness of the benefits for domestic competitiveness of an open trading environment. The strengthened multilateral trading system emerging from the Uruguay Round has the capacity to provide an improved forum for liberalization, to contribute to more effective surveillance, and to ensure strict observance of multilaterally agreed rules and disciplines. These improvements mean that trade policy can in the future play a more substantial role in ensuring the coherence of global economic policymaking.

4.       Ministers recognize, however, that difficulties the origins of which lie outside the trade field cannot be redressed through measures taken in the trade field alone. This underscores the importance of efforts to improve other elements of global economic policymaking to complement the effective implementation of the results achieved in the Uruguay Round.

5.       The interlinkages between the different aspects of economic policy require that the international institutions with responsibilities in each of these areas follow consistent and mutually supportive policies. The World Trade Organization should therefore pursue and develop cooperation with the international organizations responsible for monetary and financial matters, while respecting the mandate, the confidentiality requirements and the necessary autonomy in decision-making procedures of each institution, and avoiding the imposition on governments of cross-conditionality or additional conditions. Ministers further invite the Director-General of the WTO to review with the Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund and the President of the World Bank, the implications of the WTO’s responsibilities for its cooperation with the Bretton Woods institutions, as well as the forms such cooperation might take, with a view to achieving greater coherence in global economic policymaking.

 
B. Interpretation and Application

239.   In Argentina — Textiles and Apparel, the Appellate Body upheld the Panel’s finding “that there is nothing in the … Declaration on Coherence which justifies a conclusion that a Member’s commitments to the IMF shall prevail over its obligations under Article VIII of the GATT 1994.”(578) Also see paragraph 26 above.

XX. Declaration on the Relationship of the World Trade Organization with the International Monetary Fund    back to top

A. Text

Ministers,

         Noting the close relationship between the CONTRACTING PARTIES to the GATT 1947 and the International Monetary Fund, and the provisions of the GATT 1947 governing that relationship, in particular Article XV of the GATT 1947;

         Recognizing the desire of participants to base the relationship of the World Trade Organization with the International Monetary Fund, with regard to the areas covered by the Multilateral Trade Agreements in Annex 1A of the WTO Agreement, on the provisions that have governed the relationship of the CONTRACTING PARTIES to the GATT 1947 with the International Monetary Fund;

         Hereby reaffirm that, unless otherwise provided for in the Final Act, the relationship of the WTO with the International Monetary Fund, with regard to the areas covered by the Multilateral Trade Agreements in Annex 1A of the WTO Agreement, will be based on the provisions that have governed the relationship of the CONTRACTING PARTIES to the GATT 1947 with the International Monetary Fund.

 
B. Interpretation and Application

240.   In Argentina — Textiles and Apparel, the Appellate Body upheld the Panel’s finding “that there is nothing in the Agreement Between the IMF and the WTO … which justifies a conclusion that a Member’s commitments to the IMF shall prevail over its obligations under Article VIII of the GATT 1994.”(579)

XXI. Decision on the Acceptance of and Accession to the Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization    back to top

A. Text

Ministers,

          Noting that Articles XI and XIV of the Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization (hereinafter referred to as “WTO Agreement”) provide that only contracting parties to the GATT 1947 as of the entry into force of the WTO Agreement for which schedules of concessions and commitments are annexed to GATT 1994 and for which schedules of specific commitments are annexed to the General Agreement on Trade in Services (hereinafter referred to as “GATS”) may accept the WTO Agreement;

          Noting further that paragraph 5 of the Final Act Embodying the Results of the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations (hereinafter referred to as “Final Act” and “Uruguay Round” respectively) provides that the schedules of participants which are not contracting parties to GATT 1947 as of the date of the Final Act are not definitive and shall be subsequently completed for the purpose of their accession to GATT 1947 and their acceptance of the WTO Agreement;

          Having regard to paragraph 1 of the Decision on Measures in Favour of Least-Developed Countries which provides that the least-developed countries shall be given an additional time of one year from 15 April 1994 to submit their schedules as required in Article XI of the WTO Agreement;

          Recognizing that certain participants in the Uruguay Round which had applied GATT 1947 on a de facto basis and became contracting parties under Article XXVI:5(c) of the GATT 1947 were not in a position to submit schedules to GATT 1994 and the GATS;

          Recognizing further that some States or separate customs territories which were not participants in the Uruguay Round may become contracting parties to GATT 1947 before the entry into force of the WTO Agreement and that States or customs territories should be given the opportunity to negotiate schedules to GATT 1994 and the GATS so as to enable them to accept the WTO Agreement;

          Taking into account that some States or separate customs territories which cannot complete the process of accession to GATT 1947 before the entry into force of the WTO Agreement or which do not intend to become contracting parties to GATT 1947 may wish to initiate the process of their accession to the WTO before the entry into force of the WTO Agreement;

          Recognizing that the WTO Agreement does not distinguish in any way between WTO Members which accepted that Agreement in accordance with its Articles XI and XIV and WTO Members which acceded to it in accordance with its Article XII and wishing to ensure that the procedures for accession of the States and separate customs territories which have not become contracting parties to the GATT 1947 as of the date of entry into force of the WTO Agreement are such as to avoid any unnecessary disadvantage or delay for these States and separate customs territories;

Decide that:

1.      (a)     Any Signatory of the Final Act

• to which paragraph 5 of the Final Act applies, or
   
• to which paragraph 1 of the Decision on Measures in Favour of Least-Developed Countries applies, or
   
• which became a contracting party under Article XXVI:5(c) of the GATT 1947 before 15 April 1994 and was not in a position to establish a schedule to GATT 1994 and the GATS for inclusion in the Final Act, and any State or separate customs territory
   
• which becomes a contracting party to the GATT 1947 between 15 April 1994 and the date of entry into force of the WTO Agreement

may submit to the Preparatory Committee for its examination and approval a schedule of concessions and commitments to GATT 1994 and a schedule of specific commitments to the GATS.

(b)     The WTO Agreement shall be open for acceptance in accordance with Article XIV of that Agreement by contracting parties to GATT 1947 the schedules of which have been so submitted and approved before the entry into force of the WTO Agreement.

(c)  The provisions of subparagraphs (a) and (b) of this paragraph shall be without prejudice to the right of the least-developed countries to submit their schedules within one year from 15 April 1994.

2.      (a)     Any State or separate customs territory may request the Preparatory Committee to propose for approval by the Ministerial Conference of the WTO the terms of its accession to the WTO Agreement in accordance with Article XII of that Agreement. If such a request is made by a State or separate customs territory which is in the process of acceding to GATT 1947, the Preparatory Committee shall, to the extent practicable, examine the request jointly with the Working Party established by the CONTRACTING PARTIES to GATT 1947 to examine the accession of that State or separate customs territory.

        (b)     The Preparatory Committee shall submit to the Ministerial Conference a report on its examination of the request. The report may include a protocol of accession, including a schedule of concessions and commitments to GATT 1994 and a schedule of specific commitments for the GATS, for approval by the Ministerial Conference. The report of the Preparatory Committee shall be taken into account by the Ministerial Conference in its consideration of any application by the State or separate customs territory concerned to accede to the WTO Agreement.

 
B. Interpretation and Application

No jurisprudence or decision of a competent WTO body.

XXII. Decision on Measures in Favour of Least-Developed Countries    back to top

A. Text

Ministers,

         Recognizing the plight of the least-developed countries and the need to ensure their effective participation in the world trading system, and to take further measures to improve their trading opportunities;

         Recognizing the specific needs of the least-developed countries in the area of market access where continued preferential access remains an essential means for improving their trading opportunities;

         Reaffirming their commitment to implement fully the provisions concerning the least-developed countries contained in paragraphs 2(d), 6 and 8 of the Decision of 28 November 1979 on Differential and More Favourable Treatment, Reciprocity and Fuller Participation of Developing Countries;

         Having regard to the commitment of the participants as set out in Section B (vii) of Part I of the Punta del Este Ministerial Declaration;

1.      Decide that, if not already provided for in the instruments negotiated in the course of the Uruguay Round, notwithstanding their acceptance of these instruments, the least-developed countries, and for so long as they remain in that category, while complying with the general rules set out in the aforesaid instruments, will only be required to undertake commitments and concessions to the extent consistent with their individual development, financial and trade needs, or their administrative and institutional capabilities. The least-developed countries shall be given additional time of one year from 15 April 1994 to submit their schedules as required in Article XI of the Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization.

2.       Agree that:

(i)       Expeditious implementation of all special and differential measures taken in favour of least-developed countries including those taken within the context of the Uruguay Round shall be ensured through, inter alia, regular reviews.

(ii)      To the extent possible, MFN concessions on tariff and non-tariff measures agreed in the Uruguay Round on products of export interest to the least-developed countries may be implemented autonomously, in advance and without staging. Consideration shall be given to further improve GSP and other schemes for products of particular export interest to least-developed countries.

(iii)     The rules set out in the various agreements and instruments and the transitional provisions in the Uruguay Round should be applied in a flexible and supportive manner for the least-developed countries. To this effect, sympathetic consideration shall be given to specific and motivated concerns raised by the least-developed countries in the appropriate Councils and Committees.

(iv)     In the application of import relief measures and other measures referred to in paragraph 3(c) of Article XXXVII of GATT 1947 and the corresponding provision of GATT 1994, special consideration shall be given to the export interests of least-developed countries.

(v)      Least-developed countries shall be accorded substantially increased technical assistance in the development, strengthening and diversification of their production and export bases including those of services, as well as in trade promotion, to enable them to maximize the benefits from liberalized access to markets.

3.       Agree to keep under review the specific needs of the least-developed countries and to continue to seek the adoption of positive measures which facilitate the expansion of trading opportunities in favour of these countries.

 
B. Interpretation and Application

1. Least-Developed Countries (LDCs) in the Doha Round

241.    The Doha Declaration(580) launched a comprehensive round of negotiations. The Work Programme for the negotiations includes provisions for LDCs.(581) As regards the Sub-Committee on LDCs, see Section V.B.7(a) above. As regards accession of LDCs, see Section XIII.B.1(c) above.

XXIII. Understanding in Respect of Waivers of Obligations under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994    back to top

A. Text

Members hereby agree as follows:

1.       A request for a waiver or for an extension of an existing waiver shall describe the measures which the Member proposes to take, the specific policy objectives which the Member seeks to pursue and the reasons which prevent the Member from achieving its policy objectives by measures consistent with its obligations under GATT 1994.

2.       Any waiver in effect on the date of entry into force of the WTO Agreement shall terminate, unless extended in accordance with the procedures above and those of Article IX of the WTO Agreement, on the date of its expiry or two years from the date of entry into force of the WTO Agreement, whichever is earlier.

3.       Any Member considering that a benefit accruing to it under GATT 1994 is being nullified or impaired as a result of:

(a)      the failure of the Member to whom a waiver was granted to observe the terms or conditions of the waiver, or

(b)      the application of a measure consistent with the terms and conditions of the waiver

may invoke the provisions of Article XXIII of GATT 1994 as elaborated and applied by the Dispute Settlement Understanding.

 
B. Interpretation and Application

242.   With respect to the WTO practice on waivers, see Section X.B.3 above.

243.   As regards Members’ invocation of provisions of Article XXIII (as elaborated and applied by the DSU) in response to the nullification or impairments of benefits accruing to Members under GATT 1994, see Section XXIV of the Chapter on the GATT 1994.

XXIV. Accessions under Article XXXIII of the GATT 1994    back to top

XXV. WTO Membership    back to top

XXVI. WTO Observers    back to top

XXVII. Doha Texts    back to top

A. Doha Declaration

MINISTERIAL DECLARATION

Adopted on 14 November 2001(583)

1.       The multilateral trading system embodied in the World Trade Organization has contributed significantly to economic growth, development and employment throughout the past fifty years. We are determined, particularly in the light of the global economic slowdown, to maintain the process of reform and liberalization of trade policies, thus ensuring that the system plays its full part in promoting recovery, growth and development. We therefore strongly reaffirm the principles and objectives set out in the Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization, and pledge to reject the use of protectionism.

2.       International trade can play a major role in the promotion of economic development and the alleviation of poverty. We recognize the need for all our peoples to benefit from the increased opportunities and welfare gains that the multilateral trading system generates. The majority of WTO Members are developing countries. We seek to place their needs and interests at the heart of the Work Programme adopted in this Declaration. Recalling the Preamble to the Marrakesh Agreement, we shall continue to make positive efforts designed to ensure that developing countries, and especially the least-developed among them, secure a share in the growth of world trade commensurate with the needs of their economic development. In this context, enhanced market access, balanced rules, and well targeted, sustainably financed technical assistance and capacity-building programmes have important roles to play.

3.       We recognize the particular vulnerability of the least-developed countries and the special structural difficulties they face in the global economy. We are committed to addressing the marginalization of least-developed countries in international trade and to improving their effective participation in the multilateral trading system. We recall the commitments made by Ministers at our meetings in Marrakesh, Singapore and Geneva, and by the international community at the Third UN Conference on Least-Developed Countries in Brussels, to help least-developed countries secure beneficial and meaningful integration into the multilateral trading system and the global economy. We are determined that the WTO will play its part in building effectively on these commitments under the Work Programme we are establishing.

4.       We stress our commitment to the WTO as the unique forum for global trade rule-making and liberalization, while also recognizing that regional trade agreements can play an important role in promoting the liberalization and expansion of trade and in fostering development.

5.       We are aware that the challenges Members face in a rapidly changing international environment cannot be addressed through measures taken in the trade field alone. We shall continue to work with the Bretton Woods institutions for greater coherence in global economic policy-making.

6.       We strongly reaffirm our commitment to the objective of sustainable development, as stated in the Preamble to the Marrakesh Agreement. We are convinced that the aims of upholding and safeguarding an open and nondiscriminatory multilateral trading system, and acting for the protection of the environment and the promotion of sustainable development can and must be mutually supportive. We take note of the efforts by Members to conduct national environmental assessments of trade policies on a voluntary basis. We recognize that under WTO rules no country should be prevented from taking measures for the protection of human, animal or plant life or health, or of the environment at the levels it considers appropriate, subject to the requirement that they are not applied in a manner which would constitute a means of arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination between countries where the same conditions prevail, or a disguised restriction on international trade, and are otherwise in accordance with the provisions of the WTO Agreements. We welcome the WTO´s continued cooperation with UNEP and other inter-governmental environmental organizations. We encourage efforts to promote cooperation between the WTO and relevant international environmental and developmental organizations, especially in the lead-up to the World Summit on Sustainable Development to be held in Johannesburg, South Africa, in September 2002.

7.       We reaffirm the right of Members under the General Agreement on Trade in Services to regulate, and to introduce new regulations on, the supply of services.

8.       We reaffirm our declaration made at the Singapore Ministerial Conference regarding internationally recognized core labour standards. We take note of work under way in the International Labour Organization (ILO) on the social dimension of globalization.

9.       We note with particular satisfaction that this Conference has completed the WTO accession procedures for China and Chinese Taipei. We also welcome the accession as new Members, since our last Session, of Albania, Croatia, Georgia, Jordan, Lithuania, Moldova and Oman, and note the extensive market-access commitments already made by these countries on accession. These accessions will greatly strengthen the multilateral trading system, as will those of the 28 countries now negotiating their accession. We therefore attach great importance to concluding accession proceedings as quickly as possible. In particular, we are committed to accelerating the accession of least-developed countries.

10.     Recognizing the challenges posed by an expanding WTO membership, we confirm our collective responsibility to ensure internal transparency and the effective participation of all Members. While emphasizing the intergovernmental character of the organization, we are committed to making the WTO’s operations more transparent, including through more effective and prompt dissemination of information, and to improve dialogue with the public. We shall therefore at the national and multilateral levels continue to promote a better public understanding of the WTO and to communicate the benefits of a liberal, rules-based multilateral trading system.

11.     In view of these considerations, we hereby agree to undertake the broad and balanced Work Programme set out below. This incorporates both an expanded negotiating agenda and other important decisions and activities necessary to address the challenges facing the multilateral trading system.

WORK PROGRAMME
IMPLEMENTATION-RELATED ISSUES AND CONCERNS

12.     We attach the utmost importance to the implementation-related issues and concerns raised by Members and are determined to find appropriate solutions to them. In this connection, and having regard to the General Council Decisions of 3 May and 15 December 2000, we further adopt the Decision on Implementation-Related Issues and Concerns in document WT/MIN(01)/17 to address a number of implementation problems faced by Members. We agree that negotiations on outstanding implementation issues shall be an integral part of the Work Programme we are establishing, and that agreements reached at an early stage in these negotiations shall be treated in accordance with the provisions of paragraph 47 below. In this regard, we shall proceed as follows: (a) where we provide a specific negotiating mandate in this Declaration, the relevant implementation issues shall be addressed under that mandate; (b) the other outstanding implementation issues shall be addressed as a matter of priority by the relevant WTO bodies, which shall report to the Trade Negotiations Committee, established under paragraph 46 below, by the end of 2002 for appropriate action.

AGRICULTURE

13.     We recognize the work already undertaken in the negotiations initiated in early 2000 under Article 20 of the Agreement on Agriculture, including the large number of negotiating proposals submitted on behalf of a total of 121 Members. We recall the long-term objective referred to in the Agreement to establish a fair and market-oriented trading system through a programme of fundamental reform encompassing strengthened rules and specific commitments on support and protection in order to correct and prevent restrictions and distortions in world agricultural markets. We reconfirm our commitment to this programme. Building on the work carried out to date and without prejudging the outcome of the negotiations we commit ourselves to comprehensive negotiations aimed at: substantial improvements in market access; reductions of, with a view to phasing out, all forms of export subsidies; and substantial reductions in tradedistorting domestic support. We agree that special and differential treatment for developing countries shall be an integral part of all elements of the negotiations and shall be embodied in the Schedules of concessions and commitments and as appropriate in the rules and disciplines to be negotiated, so as to be operationally effective and to enable developing countries to effectively take account of their development needs, including food security and rural development. We take note of the non-trade concerns reflected in the negotiating proposals submitted by Members and confirm that non-trade concerns will be taken into account in the negotiations as provided for in the Agreement on Agriculture.

14.     Modalities for the further commitments, including provisions for special and differential treatment, shall be established no later than 31 March 2003. Participants shall submit their comprehensive draft Schedules based on these modalities no later than the date of the Fifth Session of the Ministerial Conference. The negotiations, including with respect to rules and disciplines and related legal texts, shall be concluded as part and at the date of conclusion of the negotiating agenda as a whole.

SERVICES

15.     The negotiations on trade in services shall be conducted with a view to promoting the economic growth of all trading partners and the development of developing and least-developed countries. We recognize the work already undertaken in the negotiations, initiated in January 2000 under Article XIX of the General Agreement on Trade in Services, and the large number of proposals submitted by Members on a wide range of sectors and several horizontal issues, as well as on movement of natural persons. We reaffirm the Guidelines and Procedures for the Negotiations adopted by the Council for Trade in Services on 28 March 2001 as the basis for continuing the negotiations, with a view to achieving the objectives of the General Agreement on Trade in Services, as stipulated in the Preamble, Article IV and Article XIX of that Agreement. Participants shall submit initial requests for specific commitments by 30 June 2002 and initial offers by 31 March 2003.

MARKET ACCESS FOR NON-AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS

16.     We agree to negotiations which shall aim, by modalities to be agreed, to reduce or as appropriate eliminate tariffs, including the reduction or elimination of tariff peaks, high tariffs, and tariff escalation, as well as non-tariff barriers, in particular on products of export interest to developing countries. Product coverage shall be comprehensive and without a priori exclusions. The negotiations shall take fully into account the special needs and interests of developing and least-developed country participants, including through less than full reciprocity in reduction commitments, in accordance with the relevant provisions of Article XXVIII bis of GATT 1994 and the provisions cited in paragraph 50 below. To this end, the modalities to be agreed will include appropriate studies and capacity-building measures to assist least-developed countries to participate effectively in the negotiations.

TRADE-RELATED ASPECTS OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS

17.     We stress the importance we attach to implementation and interpretation of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS Agreement) in a manner supportive of public health, by promoting both access to existing medicines and research and development into new medicines and, in this connection, are adopting a separate Declaration.

18.     With a view to completing the work started in the Council for Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (Council for TRIPS) on the implementation of Article 23.4, we agree to negotiate the establishment of a multilateral system of notification and registration of geographical indications for wines and spirits by the Fifth Session of the Ministerial Conference. We note that issues related to the extension of the protection of geographical indications provided for in Article 23 to products other than wines and spirits will be addressed in the Council for TRIPS pursuant to paragraph 12 of this Declaration.

19.     We instruct the Council for TRIPS, in pursuing its work programme including under the review of Article 27.3(b), the review of the implementation of the TRIPS Agreement under Article 71.1 and the work foreseen pursuant to paragraph 12 of this Declaration, to examine, inter alia, the relationship between the TRIPS Agreement and the Convention on Biological Diversity, the protection of traditional knowledge and folklore, and other relevant new developments raised by Members pursuant to Article 71.1. In undertaking this work, the TRIPS Council shall be guided by the objectives and principles set out in Articles 7 and 8 of the TRIPS Agreement and shall take fully into account the development dimension.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TRADE AND INVESTMENT

20.     Recognizing the case for a multilateral framework to secure transparent, stable and predictable conditions for long-term cross-border investment, particularly foreign direct investment, that will contribute to the expansion of trade, and the need for enhanced technical assistance and capacity-building in this area as referred to in paragraph 21, we agree that negotiations will take place after the Fifth Session of the Ministerial Conference on the basis of a decision to be taken, by explicit consensus, at that Session on modalities of negotiations.

21.     We recognize the needs of developing and least-developed countries for enhanced support for technical assistance and capacity building in this area, including policy analysis and development so that they may better evaluate the implications of closer multilateral cooperation for their development policies and objectives, and human and institutional development. To this end, we shall work in cooperation with other relevant intergovernmental organisations, including UNCTAD, and through appropriate regional and bilateral channels, to provide strengthened and adequately resourced assistance to respond to these needs.

22.     In the period until the Fifth Session, further work in the Working Group on the Relationship Between Trade and Investment will focus on the clarification of: scope and definition; transparency; non-discrimination; modalities for pre-establishment commitments based on a GATStype, positive list approach; development provisions; exceptions and balance-of-payments safeguards; consultation and the settlement of disputes between Members. Any framework should reflect in a balanced manner the interests of home and host countries, and take due account of the development policies and objectives of host governments as well as their right to regulate in the public interest. The special development, trade and financial needs of developing and least-developed countries should be taken into account as an integral part of any framework, which should enable Members to undertake obligations and commitments commensurate with their individual needs and circumstances. Due regard should be paid to other relevant WTO provisions. Account should be taken, as appropriate, of existing bilateral and regional arrangements on investment.

INTERACTION BETWEEN TRADE AND COMPETITION POLICY

23.     Recognizing the case for a multilateral framework to enhance the contribution of competition policy to international trade and development, and the need for enhanced technical assistance and capacity-building in this area as referred to in paragraph 24, we agree that negotiations will take place after the Fifth Session of the Ministerial Conference on the basis of a decision to be taken, by explicit consensus, at that Session on modalities of negotiations.

24.     We recognize the needs of developing and least-developed countries for enhanced support for technical assistance and capacity building in this area, including policy analysis and development so that they may better evaluate the implications of closer multilateral cooperation for their development policies and objectives, and human and institutional development. To this end, we shall work in cooperation with other relevant intergovernmental organisations, including UNCTAD, and through appropriate regional and bilateral channels, to provide strengthened and adequately resourced assistance to respond to these needs.

25.     In the period until the Fifth Session, further work in the Working Group on the Interaction between Trade and Competition Policy will focus on the clarification of: core principles, including transparency, non-discrimination and procedural fairness, and provisions on hardcore cartels; modalities for voluntary cooperation; and support for progressive reinforcement of competition institutions in developing countries through capacity building. Full account shall be taken of the needs of developing and least-developed country participants and appropriate flexibility provided to address them.

TRANSPARENCY IN GOVERNMENT PROCUREMENT

26.     Recognizing the case for a multilateral agreement on transparency in government procurement and the need for enhanced technical assistance and capacity building in this area, we agree that negotiations will take place after the Fifth Session of the Ministerial Conference on the basis of a decision to be taken, by explicit consensus, at that Session on modalities of negotiations. These negotiations will build on the progress made in the Working Group on Transparency in Government Procurement by that time and take into account participants’ development priorities, especially those of least-developed country participants. Negotiations shall be limited to the transparency aspects and therefore will not restrict the scope for countries to give preferences to domestic supplies and suppliers. We commit ourselves to ensuring adequate technical assistance and support for capacity building both during the negotiations and after their conclusion.

TRADE FACILITATION

27.     Recognizing the case for further expediting the movement, release and clearance of goods, including goods in transit, and the need for enhanced technical assistance and capacity building in this area, we agree that negotiations will take place after the Fifth Session of the Ministerial Conference on the basis of a decision to be taken, by explicit consensus, at that Session on modalities of negotiations. In the period until the Fifth Session, the Council for Trade in Goods shall review and as appropriate, clarify and improve relevant aspects of Articles V, VIII and X of the GATT 1994 and identify the trade facilitation needs and priorities of Members, in particular developing and least-developed countries. We commit ourselves to ensuring adequate technical assistance and support for capacity building in this area.

WTO RULES

28.     In the light of experience and of the increasing application of these instruments by Members, we agree to negotiations aimed at clarifying and improving disciplines under the Agreements on Implementation of Article VI of the GATT 1994 and on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, while preserving the basic concepts, principles and effectiveness of these Agreements and their instruments and objectives, and taking into account the needs of developing and least-developed participants. In the initial phase of the negotiations, participants will indicate the provisions, including disciplines on trade distorting practices, that they seek to clarify and improve in the subsequent phase. In the context of these negotiations, participants shall also aim to clarify and improve WTO disciplines on fisheries subsidies, taking into account the importance of this sector to developing countries. We note that fisheries subsidies are also referred to in paragraph 31.

29.     We also agree to negotiations aimed at clarifying and improving disciplines and procedures under the existing WTO provisions applying to regional trade agreements. The negotiations shall take into account the developmental aspects of regional trade agreements.

DISPUTE SETTLEMENT UNDERSTANDING

30.     We agree to negotiations on improvements and clarifications of the Dispute Settlement Understanding. The negotiations should be based on the work done thus far as well as any additional proposals by Members, and aim to agree on improvements and clarifications not later than May 2003, at which time we will take steps to ensure that the results enter into force as soon as possible thereafter.

TRADE AND ENVIRONMENT

31.     With a view to enhancing the mutual supportiveness of trade and environment, we agree to negotiations, without prejudging their outcome, on:

(i)      the relationship between existing WTO rules and specific trade obligations set out in multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs). The negotiations shall be limited in scope to the applicability of such existing WTO rules as among parties to the MEA in question. The negotiations shall not prejudice the WTO rights of any Member that is not a party to the MEA in question;

(ii)      procedures for regular information exchange between MEA Secretariats and the relevant WTO committees, and the criteria for the granting of observer status;

(iii)     the reduction or, as appropriate, elimination of tariff and non-tariff barriers to environmental goods and services.

We note that fisheries subsidies form part of the negotiations provided for in paragraph 28.

32.     We instruct the Committee on Trade and Environment, in pursuing work on all items on its agenda within its current terms of reference, to give particular attention to:

(i)       the effect of environmental measures on market access, especially in relation to developing countries, in particular the least-developed among them, and those situations in which the elimination or reduction of trade restrictions and distortions would benefit trade, the environment and development;

(ii)      the relevant provisions of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights; and

(iii)     labelling requirements for environmental purposes.

Work on these issues should include the identification of any need to clarify relevant WTO rules. The Committee shall report to the Fifth Session of the Ministerial Conference, and make recommendations, where appropriate, with respect to future action, including the desirability of negotiations. The outcome of this work as well as the negotiations carried out under paragraph 31(i) and (ii) shall be compatible with the open and non-discriminatory nature of the multilateral trading system, shall not add to or diminish the rights and obligations of Members under existing WTO agreements, in particular the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures, nor alter the balance of these rights and obligations, and will take into account the needs of developing and least-developed countries.

33.     We recognize the importance of technical assistance and capacity building in the field of trade and environment to developing countries, in particular the least-developed among them. We also encourage that expertise and experience be shared with Members wishing to perform environmental reviews at the national level. A report shall be prepared on these activities for the Fifth Session.

ELECTRONIC COMMERCE

34.     We take note of the work which has been done in the General Council and other relevant bodies since the Ministerial Declaration of 20 May 1998 and agree to continue the Work Programme on Electronic Commerce. The work to date demonstrates that electronic commerce creates new challenges and opportunities for trade for Members at all stages of development, and we recognize the importance of creating and maintaining an environment which is favourable to the future development of electronic commerce. We instruct the General Council to consider the most appropriate institutional arrangements for handling the Work Programme, and to report on further progress to the Fifth Session of the Ministerial Conference. We declare that Members will maintain their current practice of not imposing customs duties on electronic transmissions until the Fifth Session.

SMALL ECONOMIES

35.     We agree to a work programme, under the auspices of the General Council, to examine issues relating to the trade of small economies. The objective of this work is to frame responses to the trade-related issues identified for the fuller integration of small, vulnerable economies into the multilateral trading system, and not to create a sub-category of WTO Members. The General Council shall review the work programme and make recommendations for action to the Fifth Session of the Ministerial Conference.

TRADE, DEBT AND FINANCE

36.     We agree to an examination, in a Working Group under the auspices of the General Council, of the relationship between trade, debt and finance, and of any possible recommendations on steps that might be taken within the mandate and competence of the WTO to enhance the capacity of the multilateral trading system to contribute to a durable solution to the problem of external indebtedness of developing and least-developed countries, and to strengthen the coherence of international trade and financial policies, with a view to safeguarding the multilateral trading system from the effects of financial and monetary instability. The General Council shall report to the Fifth Session of the Ministerial Conference on progress in the examination.

TRADE AND TRANSFER OF TECHNOLOGY

37.     We agree to an examination, in a Working Group under the auspices of the General Council, of the relationship between trade and transfer of technology, and of any possible recommendations on steps that might be taken within the mandate of the WTO to increase flows of technology to developing countries. The General Council shall report to the Fifth Session of the Ministerial Conference on progress in the examination.

TECHNICAL COOPERATION AND CAPACITY BUILDING

38.     We confirm that technical cooperation and capacity building are core elements of the development dimension of the multilateral trading system, and we welcome and endorse the New Strategy for WTO Technical Cooperation for Capacity Building, Growth and Integration. We instruct the Secretariat, in coordination with other relevant agencies, to support domestic efforts for mainstreaming trade into national plans for economic development and strategies for poverty reduction. The delivery of WTO technical assistance shall be designed to assist developing and least-developed countries and low income countries in transition to adjust to WTO rules and disciplines, implement obligations and exercise the rights of membership, including drawing on the benefits of an open, rules-based multilateral trading system. Priority shall also be accorded to small, vulnerable, and transition economies, as well as to Members and Observers without representation in Geneva. We reaffirm our support for the valuable work of the International Trade Centre, which should be enhanced.

39.     We underscore the urgent necessity for the effective coordinated delivery of technical assistance with bilateral donors, in the OECD Development Assistance Committee and relevant international and regional intergovernmental institutions, within a coherent policy framework and timetable. In the coordinated delivery of technical assistance, we instruct the Director-General to consult with the relevant agencies, bilateral donors and beneficiaries, to identify ways of enhancing and rationalizing the Integrated Framework for Trade-Related Technical Assistance to Least-Developed Countries and the Joint Integrated Technical Assistance Programme (JITAP).

40.     We agree that there is a need for technical assistance to benefit from secure and predictable funding. We therefore instruct the Committee on Budget, Finance and Administration to develop a plan for adoption by the General Council in December 2001 that will ensure long-term funding for WTO technical assistance at an overall level no lower than that of the current year and commensurate with the activities outlined above.

41.     We have established firm commitments on technical cooperation and capacity building in various paragraphs in this Ministerial Declaration. We reaffirm these specific commitments contained in paragraphs 16, 21, 24, 26, 27, 33, 38–40, 42 and 43, and also reaffirm the understanding in paragraph 2 on the important role of sustainably financed technical assistance and capacity-building programmes. We instruct the Director-General to report to the Fifth Session of the Ministerial Conference, with an interim report to the General Council in December 2002, on the implementation and adequacy of these commitments in the identified paragraphs.

LEAST-DEVELOPED COUNTRIES

42.     We acknowledge the seriousness of the concerns expressed by the least-developed countries (LDCs) in the Zanzibar Declaration adopted by their Ministers in July 2001. We recognize that the integration of the LDCs into the multilateral trading system requires meaningful market access, support for the diversification of their production and export base, and trade-related technical assistance and capacity building. We agree that the meaningful integration of LDCs into the trading system and the global economy will involve efforts by all WTO Members. We commit ourselves to the objective of duty-free, quota-free market access for products originating from LDCs. In this regard, we welcome the significant market access improvements by WTO Members in advance of the Third UN Conference on LDCs (LDC–III), in Brussels, May 2001. We further commit ourselves to consider additional measures for progressive improvements in market access for LDCs. Accession of LDCs remains a priority for the Membership. We agree to work to facilitate and accelerate negotiations with acceding LDCs. We instruct the Secretariat to reflect the priority we attach to LDCs’ accessions in the annual plans for technical assistance. We reaffirm the commitments we undertook at LDC–III, and agree that the WTO should take into account, in designing its work programme for LDCs, the trade-related elements of the Brussels Declaration and Programme of Action, consistent with the WTO’s mandate, adopted at LDC–III. We instruct the Sub-Committee for Least-Developed Countries to design such a work programme and to report on the agreed work programme to the General Council at its first meeting in 2002.

43.     We endorse the Integrated Framework for Trade-Related Technical Assistance to Least-Developed Countries (IF) as a viable model for LDCs’ trade development. We urge development partners to significantly increase contributions to the IF Trust Fund and WTO extra-budgetary trust funds in favour of LDCs. We urge the core agencies, in coordination with development partners, to explore the enhancement of the IF with a view to addressing the supply-side constraints of LDCs and the extension of the model to all LDCs, following the review of the IF and the appraisal of the ongoing Pilot Scheme in selected LDCs. We request the Director-General, following coordination with heads of the other agencies, to provide an interim report to the General Council in December 2002 and a full report to the Fifth Session of the Ministerial Conference on all issues affecting LDCs.

SPECIAL AND DIFFERENTIAL TREATMENT

44.     We reaffirm that provisions for special and differential treatment are an integral part of the WTO Agreements. We note the concerns expressed regarding their operation in addressing specific constraints faced by developing countries, particularly least-developed countries. In that connection, we also note that some Members have proposed a Framework Agreement on Special and Differential Treatment (WT/GC/W/442). We therefore agree that all special and differential treatment provisions shall be reviewed with a view to strengthening them and making them more precise, effective and operational. In this connection, we endorse the work programme on special and differential treatment set out in the Decision on Implementation-Related Issues and Concerns.

ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT OF THE WORK PROGRAMME

45.     The negotiations to be pursued under the terms of this Declaration shall be concluded not later than 1 January 2005. The Fifth Session of the Ministerial Conference will take stock of progress in the negotiations, provide any necessary political guidance, and take decisions as necessary. When the results of the negotiations in all areas have been established, a Special Session of the Ministerial Conference will be held to take decisions regarding the adoption and implementation of those results.

46.     The overall conduct of the negotiations shall be supervised by a Trade Negotiations Committee under the authority of the General Council. The Trade Negotiations Committee shall hold its first meeting not later than 31 January 2002. It shall establish appropriate negotiating mechanisms as required and supervise the progress of the negotiations.

47.     With the exception of the improvements and clarifications of the Dispute Settlement Understanding, the conduct, conclusion and entry into force of the outcome of the negotiations shall be treated as parts of a single undertaking. However, agreements reached at an early stage may be implemented on a provisional or a definitive basis. Early agreements shall be taken into account in assessing the overall balance of the negotiations.

48.     Negotiations shall be open to:

(i)       all Members of the WTO; and

(ii)      States and separate customs territories currently in the process of accession and those that inform Members, at a regular meeting of the General Council, of their intention to negotiate the terms of their membership and for whom an accession working party is established.

Decisions on the outcomes of the negotiations shall be taken only by WTO Members.

49.     The negotiations shall be conducted in a transparent manner among participants, in order to facilitate the effective participation of all. They shall be conducted with a view to ensuring benefits to all participants and to achieving an overall balance in the outcome of the negotiations.

50.     The negotiations and the other aspects of the Work Programme shall take fully into account the principle of special and differential treatment for developing and least-developed countries embodied in: Part IV of the GATT 1994; the Decision of 28 November 1979 on Differential and More Favourable Treatment, Reciprocity and Fuller Participation of Developing Countries; the Uruguay Round Decision on Measures in Favour of Least-Developed Countries; and all other relevant WTO provisions.

51.     The Committee on Trade and Development and the Committee on Trade and Environment shall, within their respective mandates, each act as a forum to identify and debate developmental and environmental aspects of the negotiations, in order to help achieve the objective of having sustainable development appropriately reflected.

52.     Those elements of the Work Programme which do not involve negotiations are also accorded a high priority. They shall be pursued under the overall supervision of the General Council, which shall report on progress to the Fifth Session of the Ministerial Conference.

 
B. Declaration on the Trips Agreement and Public Health

244.    The text of the Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health is annexed to the Chapter on the TRIPS Agreement.

 
C. Implementation-Related Issues and Concerns

IMPLEMENTATION-RELATED ISSUES AND CONCERNS

Decision of 14 November 2001(584)

The Ministerial Conference,

          Having regard to Articles IV.1, IV.5 and IX of the Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization (WTO);

          Mindful of the importance that Members attach to the increased participation of developing countries in the multilateral trading system, and of the need to ensure that the system responds fully to the needs and interests of all participants;

          Determined to take concrete action to address issues and concerns that have been raised by many developing country Members regarding the implementation of some WTO Agreements and Decisions, including the difficulties and resource constraints that have been encountered in the implementation of obligations in various areas;

          Recalling the 3 May 2000 Decision of the General Council to meet in special sessions to address outstanding implementation issues, and to assess the existing difficulties, identify ways needed to resolve them, and take decisions for appropriate action not later than the Fourth Session of the Ministerial Conference;

          Noting the actions taken by the General Council in pursuance of this mandate at its Special Sessions in October and December 2000 (WT/L/384), as well as the review and further discussion undertaken at the Special Sessions held in April, July and October 2001, including the referral of additional issues to relevant WTO bodies or their chairpersons for further work;

          Noting also the reports on the issues referred to the General Council from subsidiary bodies and their chairpersons and from the Director-General, and the discussions as well as the clarifications provided and understandings reached on implementation issues in the intensive informal and formal meetings held under this process since May 2000;

          Decides as follows:

1.       General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994 (GATT 1994)

1.1     Reaffirms that Article XVIII of the GATT 1994 is a special and differential treatment provision for developing countries and that recourse to it should be less onerous than to Article XII of the GATT 1994.

1.2     Noting the issues raised in the report of the Chairperson of the Committee on Market Access (WT/GC/50) concerning the meaning to be given to the phrase “substantial interest” in paragraph 2(d) of Article XIII of the GATT 1994, the Market Access Committee is directed to give further consideration to the issue and make recommendations to the General Council as expeditiously as possible but in any event not later than the end of 2002.

2.       Agreement on Agriculture

2.1     Urges Members to exercise restraint in challenging measures notified under the green box by developing countries to promote rural development and adequately address food security concerns.

2.2     Takes note of the report of the Committee on Agriculture (G/AG/11) regarding the implementation of the Decision on Measures Concerning the Possible Negative Effects of the Reform Programme on Least-Developed and Net Food-Importing Developing Countries, and approves the recommendations contained therein regarding (i) food aid; (ii) technical and financial assistance in the context of aid programmes to improve agricultural productivity and infrastructure; (iii) financing normal levels of commercial imports of basic foodstuffs; and (iv) review of follow-up.

2.3     Takes note of the report of the Committee on Agriculture (G/AG/11) regarding the implementation of Article 10.2 of the Agreement on Agriculture, and approves the recommendations and reporting requirements contained therein.

2.4     Takes note of the report of the Committee on Agriculture (G/AG/11) regarding the administration of tariff rate quotas and the submission by Members of addenda to their notifications, and endorses the decision by the Committee to keep this matter under review.

3.       Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures

3.1     Where the appropriate level of sanitary and phytosanitary protection allows scope for the phased introduction of new sanitary and phytosanitary measures, the phrase “longer time-frame for compliance” referred to in Article 10.2 of the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures, shall be understood to mean normally a period of not less than 6 months. Where the appropriate level of sanitary and phytosanitary protection does not allow scope for the phased introduction of a new measure, but specific problems are identified by a Member, the Member applying the measure shall upon request enter into consultations with the country with a view to finding a mutually satisfactory solution to the problem while continuing to achieve the importing Member’s appropriate level of protection.

3.2     Subject to the conditions specified in paragraph 2 of Annex B to the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures, the phrase “reasonable interval” shall be understood to mean normally a period of not less than 6 months. It is understood that timeframes for specific measures have to be considered in the context of the particular circumstances of the measure and actions necessary to implement it. The entry into force of measures which contribute to the liberalization of trade should not be unnecessarily delayed.

3.3     Takes note of the Decision of the Committee on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (G/SPS/19) regarding equivalence, and instructs the Committee to develop expeditiously the specific programme to further the implementation of Article 4 of the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures.

3.4     Pursuant to the provisions of Article 12.7 of the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures, the Committee on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures is instructed to review the operation and implementation of the Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures at least once every four years.

3.5 (i) Takes note of the actions taken to date by the Director-General to facilitate the increased participation of Members at different levels of development in the work of the relevant international standard setting organizations as well as his efforts to coordinate with these organizations and financial institutions in identifying SPS related technical assistance needs and how best to address them; and

(ii) urges the Director-General to continue his cooperative efforts with these organizations and institutions in this regard, including with a view to according priority to the effective participation of least-developed countries and facilitating the provision of technical and financial assistance for this purpose.

3.6 (i) Urges Members to provide, to the extent possible, the financial and technical assistance necessary to enable least-developed countries to respond adequately to the introduction of any new SPS measures which may have significant negative effects on their trade; and

(ii) urges Members to ensure that technical assistance is provided to least-developed countries with a view to responding to the special problems faced by them in implementing the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures.

4.      Agreement on Textiles and Clothing

Reaffirms the commitment to full and faithful implementation of the Agreement on Textiles and Clothing, and agrees:

4.1     that the provisions of the Agreement relating to the early integration of products and the elimination of quota restrictions should be effectively utilised.

4.2     that Members will exercise particular consideration before initiating investigations in the context of antidumping remedies on textile and clothing exports from developing countries previously subject to quantitative restrictions under the Agreement for a period of two years following full integration of this Agreement into the WTO.

4.3     that without prejudice to their rights and obligations, Members shall notify any changes in their rules of origin concerning products falling under the coverage of the Agreement to the Committee on Rules of Origin which may decide to examine them.

Requests the Council for Trade in Goods to examine the following proposals:

4.4     that when calculating the quota levels for small suppliers for the remaining years of the Agreement, Members will apply the most favourable methodology available in respect of those Members under the growth-on-growth provisions from the beginning of the implementation period; extend the same treatment to least-developed countries; and, where possible, eliminate quota restrictions on imports of such Members;

4.5     that Members will calculate the quota levels for the remaining years of the Agreement with respect to other restrained Members as if implementation of the growth-on-growth provision for stage 3 had been advanced to 1 January 2000;

and make recommendations to the General Council by 31 July 2002 for appropriate action.

5.      Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade

5.1     Confirms the approach to technical assistance being developed by the Committee on Technical Barriers to Trade, reflecting the results of the triennial review work in this area, and mandates this work to continue.

5.2     Subject to the conditions specified in paragraph 12 of Article 2 of the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade, the phrase “reasonable interval” shall be understood to mean normally a period of not less than 6 months, except when this would be ineffective in fulfilling the legitimate objectives pursued.

5.3 (i) Takes note of the actions taken to date by the Director-General to facilitate the increased participation of Members at different levels of development in the work of the relevant international standard setting organizations as well as his efforts to coordinate with these organizations and financial institutions in identifying TBT related technical assistance needs and how best to address them; and

(ii) urges the Director-General to continue his cooperative efforts with these organizations and institutions, including with a view to according priority to the effective participation of least-developed countries and facilitating the provision of technical and financial assistance for this purpose.

5.4 (i) Urges Members to provide, to the extent possible, the financial and technical assistance necessary to enable least-developed countries to respond adequately to the introduction of any new TBT measures which may have significant negative effects on their trade; and

(ii) urges Members to ensure that technical assistance is provided to least-developed countries with a view to responding to the special problems faced by them in implementing the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade.

6.       Agreement on Trade-Related Investment Measures

6.1     Takes note of the actions taken by the Council for Trade in Goods in regard to requests from some developing-country Members for the extension of the five-year transitional period provided for in Article 5.2 of Agreement on Trade-Related Investment Measures.

6.2     Urges the Council for Trade in Goods to consider positively requests that may be made by least-developed countries under Article 5.3 of the TRIMs Agreement or Article IX.3 of the WTO Agreement, as well as to take into consideration the particular circumstances of least-developed countries when setting the terms and conditions including time-frames.

7.       Agreement on the Implementation of Article VI of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994

7.1     Agrees that investigating authorities shall examine with special care any application for the initiation of an anti-dumping investigation where an investigation of the same product from the same Member resulted in a negative finding within the 365 days prior to the filing of the application and that, unless this pre-initiation examination indicates that circumstances have changed, the investigation shall not proceed.

7.2     Recognizes that, while Article 15 of the Agreement on the Implementation of Article VI of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994 is a mandatory provision, the modalities for its application would benefit from clarification. Accordingly, the Committee on Anti-Dumping Practices is instructed, through its working group on Implementation, to examine this issue and to draw up appropriate recommendations within twelve months on how to operationalize this provision.

7.3     Takes note that Article 5.8 of the Agreement on the Implementation of Article VI of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994 does not specify the time-frame to be used in determining the volume of dumped imports, and that this lack of specificity creates uncertainties in the implementation of the provision. The Committee on Anti-Dumping Practices is instructed, through its working group on Implementation, to study this issue and draw up recommendations within 12 months, with a view to ensuring the maximum possible predictability and objectivity in the application of time frames.

7.4     Takes note that Article 18.6 of the Agreement on the Implementation of Article VI of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994 requires the Committee on Anti-Dumping Practices to review annually the implementation and operation of the Agreement taking into account the objectives thereof. The Committee on Anti-dumping Practices is instructed to draw up guidelines for the improvement of annual reviews and to report its views and recommendations to the General Council for subsequent decision within 12 months.

8.      Agreement on the Implementation of Article VII of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994

8.1     Takes note of the actions taken by the Committee on Customs Valuation in regard to the requests from a number of developing-country Members for the extension of the five-year transitional period provided for in Article 20.1 of Agreement on the Implementation of Article VII of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994.

8.2     Urges the Council for Trade in Goods to give positive consideration to requests that may be made by least-developed country Members under paragraphs 1 and 2 of Annex III of the Customs Valuation Agreement or under Article IX.3 of the WTO Agreement, as well as to take into consideration the particular circumstances of least-developed countries when setting the terms and conditions including time-frames.

8.3     Underlines the importance of strengthening cooperation between the customs administrations of Members in the prevention of customs fraud. In this regard, it is agreed that, further to the 1994 Ministerial Decision Regarding Cases Where Customs Administrations have Reasons to Doubt the Truth or Accuracy of the Declared Value, when the customs administration of an importing Member has reasonable grounds to doubt the truth or accuracy of the declared value, it may seek assistance from the customs administration of an exporting Member on the value of the good concerned. In such cases, the exporting Member shall offer cooperation and assistance, consistent with its domestic laws and procedures, including furnishing information on the export value of the good concerned. Any information provided in this context shall be treated in accordance with Article 10 of the Customs Valuation Agreement. Furthermore, recognizing the legitimate concerns expressed by the customs administrations of several importing Members on the accuracy of the declared value, the Committee on Customs Valuation is directed to identify and assess practical means to address such concerns, including the exchange of information on export values and to report to the General Council by the end of 2002 at the latest.

9.       Agreement on Rules of Origin

9.1     Takes note of the report of the Committee on Rules of Origin (G/RO/48) regarding progress on the harmonization work programme, and urges the Committee to complete its work by the end of 2001.

9.2     Agrees that any interim arrangements on rules of origin implemented by Members in the transitional period before the entry into force of the results of the harmonisation work programme shall be consistent with the Agreement on Rules of Origin, particularly Articles 2 and 5 thereof. Without prejudice to Members’ rights and obligations, such arrangements may be examined by the Committee on Rules of Origin.

10.     Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures

10.1   Agrees that Annex VII(b) to the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures includes the Members that are listed therein until their GNP per capita reaches US $1,000 in constant 1990 dollars for three consecutive years. This decision will enter into effect upon the adoption by the Committee on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures of an appropriate methodology for calculating constant 1990 dollars. If, however, the Committee on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures does not reach a consensus agreement on an appropriate methodology by 1 January 2003, the methodology proposed by the Chairman of the Committee set forth in G/SCM/38, Appendix 2 shall be applied. A Member shall not leave Annex VII(b) so long as its GNP per capita in current dollars has not reached US $1000 based upon the most recent data from the World Bank.

10.2    Takes note of the proposal to treat measures implemented by developing countries with a view to achieving legitimate development goals, such as regional growth, technology research and development funding, production diversification and development and implementation of environmentally sound methods of production as non-actionable subsidies, and agrees that this issue be addressed in accordance with paragraph 13 below. During the course of the negotiations, Members are urged to exercise due restraint with respect to challenging such measures.

10.3    Agrees that the Committee on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures shall continue its review of the provisions of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures regarding countervailing duty investigations and report to the General Council by 31 July 2002.

10.4    Agrees that if a Member has been excluded from the list in paragraph (b) of Annex VII to the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, it shall be re-included in it when its GNP per capita falls back below US$ 1,000.

10.5    Subject to the provisions of Articles 27.5 and 27.6, it is reaffirmed that least-developed country Members are exempt from the prohibition on export subsidies set forth in Article 3.1(a) of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, and thus have flexibility to finance their exporters, consistent with their development needs. It is understood that the eight-year period in Article 27.5 within which a least-developed country Member must phase out its export subsidies in respect of a product in which it is export competitive begins from the date export competitiveness exists within the meaning of Article 27.6.

10.6    Having regard to the particular situation of certain developing-country Members, directs the Committee on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures to extend the transition period, under the rubric of Article 27.4 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, for certain export subsidies provided by such Members, pursuant to the procedures set forth in document G/SCM/39. Furthermore, when considering a request for an extension of the transition period under the rubric of Article 27.4 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, and in order to avoid that Members at similar stages of development and having a similar order of magnitude of share in world trade are treated differently in terms of receiving such extensions for the same eligible programmes and the length of such extensions, directs the Committee to extend the transition period for those developing countries, after taking into account the relative competitiveness in relation to other developing-country Members who have requested extension of the transition period following the procedures set forth in document G/SCM/39.

11.     Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS)

11.1    The TRIPS Council is directed to continue its examination of the scope and modalities for complaints of the types provided for under subparagraphs 1(b) and 1(c) of Article XXIII of GATT 1994 and make recommendations to the Fifth Session of the Ministerial Conference. It is agreed that, in the meantime, Members will not initiate such complaints under the TRIPS Agreement.

11.2    Reaffirming that the provisions of Article 66.2 of the TRIPS Agreement are mandatory, it is agreed that the TRIPS Council shall put in place a mechanism for ensuring the monitoring and full implementation of the obligations in question. To this end, developed-country Members shall submit prior to the end of 2002 detailed reports on the functioning in practice of the incentives provided to their enterprises for the transfer of technology in pursuance of their commitments under Article 66.2. These submissions shall be subject to a review in the TRIPS Council and information shall be updated by Members annually.

12.     Cross-cutting Issues

12.1    The Committee on Trade and Development is instructed:

(i)  to identify those special and differential treatment provisions that are already mandatory in nature and those that are non-binding in character, to consider the legal and practical implications for developed and developing Members of converting special and differential treatment measures into mandatory provisions, to identify those that Members consider should be made mandatory, and to report to the General Council with clear recommendations for a decision by July 2002;

(ii) to examine additional ways in which special and differential treatment provisions can be made more effective, to consider ways, including improved information flows, in which developing countries, in particular the least-developed countries, may be assisted to make best use of special and differential treatment provisions, and to report to the General Council with clear recommendations for a decision by July 2002; and

(iii) to consider, in the context of the work programme adopted at the Fourth Session of the Ministerial Conference, how special and differential treatment may be incorporated into the architecture of WTO rules.

      The work of the Committee on Trade and Development in this regard shall take fully into consideration previous work undertaken as noted in WT/COMTD/W/77/Rev.1. It will also be without prejudice to work in respect of implementation of WTO Agreements in the General Council and in other Councils and Committees.

12.2    Reaffirms that preferences granted to developing countries pursuant to the Decision of the Contracting Parties of 28 November 1979 (“Enabling Clause”)(1) should be generalised, non-reciprocal and non-discriminatory.

(footnote original) 1 BISD 26S/203.

13.     Outstanding Implementation Issues(2)

          Agrees that outstanding implementation issues be addressed in accordance with paragraph 12 of the Ministerial Declaration (WT/MIN(01)/DEC/1).

(footnote original) 2 A list of these issues is compiled in document Job(01)/152/Rev.1.

14.     Final Provisions

          Requests the Director-General, consistent with paragraphs 38 to 43 of the Ministerial Declaration (WT/MIN(01)/DEC/1), to ensure that WTO technical assistance focuses, on a priority basis, on assisting developing countries to implement existing WTO obligations as well as on increasing their capacity to participate more effectively in future multilateral trade negotiations. In carrying out this mandate, the WTO Secretariat should cooperate more closely with international and regional intergovernmental organisations so as to increase efficiency and synergies and avoid duplication of programmes.

 
D. Procedures for Extensions under Article 27.4 for Certain Developing Country Members

PROCEDURES FOR EXTENSIONS UNDER ARTICLE 27.4 FOR CERTAIN DEVELOPING COUNTRY MEMBERS(585)

          The Committee on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (“SCM Committee”) shall follow the procedures set forth below in respect of extensions of the transition period under Article 27.4 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (“SCM Agreement”) for certain developing country Members. The programmes to which these procedures shall apply are those meeting the criteria set forth in 2.

1.      Mechanism for extension

(a)      A Member that maintains programmes meeting the criteria set forth in 2 and that wishes to make use of these procedures, shall initiate Article 27.4 consultations with the Committee in respect of an extension for its eligible subsidy programmes as referred to in 2, on the basis of documentation to be submitted to the Committee not later than 31 December 2001. This documentation shall consist of (i) an identification by the Member of those programmes for which it is seeking an extension under SCM Article 27.4 pursuant to these procedures; and (ii) a statement that the extension is necessary in the light of the Member’s economic, financial and development needs.

(b)      Not later than 28 February 2002, the Member seeking an extension shall submit to the SCM Committee an initial notification as referred to in 3(a) providing detailed information about the programmes for which extension is being sought.

(c)      Following receipt of the notifications referred to in 1(b), the SCM Committee shall consider those notifications, with an opportunity for Members to seek clarification of the notified information and/or additional detail with a view to understanding the nature and operation of the notified programmes, and their scope, coverage and intensity of benefits, as referred to in 3(b). The purpose of this consideration by the SCM Committee shall be to verify that the programmes are of the type eligible under these procedures as referred to in 2, and that the transparency requirement referred to in 3(a) and 3(b) is fulfilled. Not later than 15 December 2002, Members of the SCM Committee shall grant extensions for calendar year 2003 for those programmes notified pursuant to these procedures, provided that the notified programmes meet the eligibility criteria in 2 and that the transparency requirement is fulfilled. The notified information on the basis of which the extensions are granted, including information provided in response to requests from Members as referred to above, shall form the frame of reference for the annual reviews of the extensions as referred to in 1(d) and 1(e).

(d)      As provided for in SCM Article 27.4, the extensions granted by the SCM Committee pursuant to these procedures shall be subject to annual review in the form of consultations between the Committee and the Members receiving the extensions. These annual reviews shall be conducted on the basis of updating notifications from the Members in question, as referred to in 3(a) and 3(b). The purpose of the annual reviews shall be to ensure that the transparency and standstill requirements as set forth in 3 and 4 are being fulfilled.

(e)      Through the end of calendar year 2007, subject to annual reviews during that period to verify that the transparency and standstill requirements set forth in 3 and 4 are being fulfilled, Members of the Committee shall agree to continue the extensions granted pursuant to 1(c).

(f)      During the last year of the period referred to in 1(e), a Member that has received an extension under these procedures shall have the possibility to seek a continuation of the extension pursuant to SCM Article 27.4, for the programmes in question. The Committee shall consider any such requests at that year’s annual review, on the basis of the provisions of SCM Article 27.4, i.e., outside the framework of these procedures.

(g)      If a continuation of the extension pursuant to 1(f) is either not requested or not granted, the Member in question shall have the final two years referred to in the last sentence of SCM Article 27.4.

2.       Eligible programmes

Programmes eligible for extension pursuant to these procedures, and for which Members shall therefore grant extensions for calendar year 2003 as referred to in 1(c), are export subsidy programmes (i) in the form of full or partial exemptions from import duties and internal taxes, (ii) which were in existence not later than 1 September 2001, and (iii) which are provided by developing country Members (iv) whose share of world merchandise export trade was not greater than 0.10 percent(1), (v) whose total Gross National Income (“GNI”) for the year 2000 as published by the World Bank was at or below US $ 20 billion,(2) (vi) and who are otherwise eligible to request an extension pursuant to Article 27.4,(3) and (vii) in respect of which these procedures are followed.

(footnote original) 1 According to the calculations performed by the WTO Secretariat as reflected in Appendix 3 to the Report of the Chairman (G/SCM/38).

(footnote original) 2 The SCM Committee shall consider other appropriate data sources in respect of Members for whom the World Bank does not publish total GNI data.

(footnote original) 3 The fact that a Member is listed in Annex VII(b) shall not be deemed to make that Member otherwise ineligible to request an extension pursuant to Article 27.4.

3.      Transparency

(a)      The initial notification referred to in 1(b), and the updating notifications referred to in 1(d), shall follow the agreed format for subsidy notifications under SCM Article 25 (found in G/SCM/6).

(b)      During the SCM Committee’s consideration/review of the notifications referred to in 1(c) and 1(d), notifying Members can be requested by other Members to provide additional detail and clarification, with a view to confirming that the programmes meet the criteria set forth in 2, and to establishing transparency in respect of the scope, coverage and intensity of benefits (the “favourability”) of the programmes in question.(4) Any information provided in response to such requests shall be considered part of the notified information.

(footnote original) 4 The scope, coverage and intensity of the programmes in question will be determined on the basis of the legal instruments underlying the programmes.

4.      Standstill

(a)      The programmes for which an extension is granted shall not be modified during the period of extension referred to in 1(e) so as to make them more favourable than they were as at 1 September 2001. The continuation of an expiring programme without modification shall not be deemed to violate standstill.

(b)      The scope, coverage and intensity of benefits (the “favourability”) of the programmes as at 1 September 2001 shall be specified in the initial notification referred to in 1(b), and standstill as referred to in 4(a) shall be verified on the basis of the notified information referred to in 1(d) and 3(b).

5.       Product graduation on the basis of export competitiveness

Notwithstanding these procedures, Articles 27.5 and 27.6 shall apply in respect of export subsidies for which extensions are granted pursuant to these procedures.

6.       Members listed in Annex VII(b)

(a)      A Member listed in Annex VII(b) whose GNP per capita has reached the level provided for in that Annex and whose programme(s) meet the criteria in 2 shall be eligible to make use of these procedures.

(b)      A Member listed in Annex VII(b) whose GNP per capita has not reached the level provided for in that Annex and whose programme(s) meet the criteria in 2 may reserve its right to make use of these procedures, as referred to in 6(c), by submitting the documentation referred to in 1(a) not later than 31 December 2001.

(c)      If the per capita GNP of a Member referred to in 6(b) reaches the level provided for in that Annex during the period referred to in 1(e), that Member shall be able to make use of these procedures as from the date at which its per capita GNP reaches that level and for the remainder of the period referred to in 1(e), as well as for any additional periods as referred to in 1(f) and 1(g), subject to the remaining provisions of these procedures.

(d)      For a Member referred to in 6(b), the effective date for the standstill requirement referred to in 4(a) shall be the year in which that Member’s GNP per capita reaches the level provided for in Annex VII(b).

7.       Final provisions

(a)      The decision by Ministers, these procedures, and the SCM Article 27.4 extensions granted thereunder, are without prejudice to any requests for extensions under Article 27.4 that are not made pursuant to these procedures.

(b)      The decision by Ministers, these procedures, and the SCM Article 27.4 extensions granted thereunder, shall not affect any other existing rights and obligations under SCM Article 27.4 or under other provisions of the SCM Agreement.

(c)      The criteria set forth in these procedures are solely and strictly for the purpose of determining whether Members are eligible to invoke these procedures. Members of the Committee agree that these criteria have no precedential value or relevance, direct or indirect, for any other purpose.

 
E. European Communities — the ACP-EC Partnership Agreement

EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES — THE ACP-EC PARTNERSHIP AGREEMENT

Decision of 14 November 2001(586)

          The Ministerial Conference,

          Having regard to paragraphs 1 and 3 of Article IX of the Marrakech Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organisation (the “WTO Agreement”), the Guiding Principles to be followed in considering applications for waivers adopted on 1 November 1956 (BISD 5S/25), the Understanding in Respect to Waivers of Obligations under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994, paragraph3 of Article IX of the WTO Agreement, and Decision-Making Procedures under Articles IX and XII of the WTO Agreement agreed by the General Council (WT/L/93);

          Taking note of the request of the European Communities (EC) and of the Governments of the ACP States which are also WTO members (hereinafter also the “Parties to the Agreement”) for a waiver from the obligations of the European Communities under paragraph 1 of Article I of the General Agreement with respect to the granting of preferential tariff treatment for products originating in ACP States as required by Article 36.3, Annex V and its Protocols of the ACP-EC Partnership Agreement (hereinafter also referred to as “the Agreement”)(1);

(footnote original) 1 As contained in documents G/C/W/187, G/C/W/204, G/C/W/254 and G/C/W/269).

          Considering that, in the field of trade, the provisions of the ACP-EC Partnership Agreement requires preferential tariff treatment by the EC of exports of products originating in the ACP States;

          Considering that the Agreement is aimed at improving the standard of living and economic development of the ACP States, including the least developed among them;

          Considering also that the preferential tariff treatment for products originating in ACP States as required by Article 36.3, Annex V and its Protocols of the Agreement is designed to promote the expansion of trade and economic development of beneficiaries in a manner consistent with the objectives of the WTO and with the trade, financial and development needs of the beneficiaries and not to raise undue barriers or to create undue difficulties for the trade of other members;

          Considering that the Agreement establishes a preparatory period extending until 31 December 2007, by the end of which new trading arrangements shall be concluded between the Parties to the Agreement;

          Considering that the trade provisions of the Agreement have been applied since 1 March 2000 on the basis of transitional measures adopted by the ACP-EC joint institutions;

          Noting the assurances given by the Parties to the Agreement that they will, upon request, promptly enter into consultations with any interested member with respect to any difficulty or matter that may arise as a result of the implementation of the preferential tariff treatment for products originating in ACP States as required by Article 36.3, Annex V and its Protocols of the Agreement;

          Noting that the tariff applied to bananas imported in the “A” and “B” quotas shall not exceed 75 €/tonne until the entry into force of the new EC tariff only regime.

          Noting that the implementation of the preferential tariff treatment for bananas may be affected as a result of GATT Article XXVIII negotiations;

          Noting the assurances from the Parties to the Agreement that any re-binding of the EC tariff on bananas under the relevant GATT Article XXVIII procedures should result in at least maintaining total market access for MFN banana suppliers and their willingness to accept a multilateral control on the implementation of this commitment.

          Considering that, in light of the foregoing, the exceptional circumstances justifying a waiver from paragraph 1 of Article I of the General Agreement exist;

          Decides as follows:

1.       Subject to the terms and conditions set out hereunder, Article I, paragraph 1 of the General Agreement shall be waived, until 31 December 2007, to the extent necessary to permit the European Communities to provide preferential tariff treatment for products originating in ACP States as required by Article 36.3, Annex V and its Protocols of the ACP-EC Partnership Agreement,(2) without being required to extend the same preferential treatment to like products of any other member.

(footnote original) 2 Any reference to the Partnership Agreement in this Decision shall also include the period during which the trade provisions of this Agreement are applied on the basis of transitional measures adopted by the ACP-EC joint institutions.

2.      The Parties to the Agreement shall promptly notify the General Council of any changes in the preferential tariff treatment to products originating in ACP States as required by the relevant provisions of the Agreement covered by this waiver.

3.      The Parties to the Agreement will, upon request, promptly enter into consultations with any interested member with respect to any difficulty or matter that may arise as a result of the implementation of the preferential tariff treatment for products originating in ACP States as required by Article 36.3, Annex V and its Protocols of the Agreement; where a member considers that any benefit accruing to it under the General Agreement may be or is being impaired unduly as a result of such implementation, such consultations shall examine the possibility of action for a satisfactory adjustment of the matter.

3bis   With respect to bananas, the additional provisions in the Annex shall apply.

4.      Any member which considers that the preferential tariff treatment for products originating in ACP States as required by Article 36.3, Annex V and its Protocols of the Agreement is being applied inconsistently with this waiver or that any benefit accruing to it under the General Agreement may be or is being impaired unduly as a result of the implementation of the preferential tariff treatment for products originating in ACP States as required by Article 36.3, Annex V and its Protocols of the Agreement and that consultations have proved unsatisfactory, may bring the matter before the General Council, which will examine it promptly and will formulate any recommendations that they judge appropriate.

5.       The Parties to the Agreement will submit to the General Council an annual report on the implementation of the preferential tariff treatment for products originating in ACP States as required by Article 36.3, Annex V and its Protocols of the Agreement.

6.       This waiver shall not preclude the right of affected members to have recourse to Articles XXII and XXIII of the General Agreement.

ANNEX

          The waiver would apply for ACP products under the Cotonou Agreement until 31 December 2007. In the case of bananas, the waiver will also apply until 31 December 2007, subject to the following, which is without prejudice to rights and obligations under Article XXVIII.

• The parties to the Cotonou Agreement will initiate con-Agreement contains a specific rule on conflicts which is however limited to conflicts between a specific provision of sultations with Members exporting to the EU on a MFN basis (interested parties) early enough to finalize the process of consultations under the procedures hereby established at least three months before the entry into force of the new EC tariff only regime.
   
• No later than 10 days after the conclusion of Article XXVIII negotiations, interested parties will be informed of the EC intentions concerning the rebinding of the EC tariff on bananas. In the course of such consultations, the EC will provide information on the methodology used for such rebinding. In this regard, all EC WTO market-access commitments relating to bananas should be taken into account.
   
• Within 60 days of such an announcement, any such interested party may request arbitration.
   
• The arbitrator shall be appointed within 10 days, following the request subject to agreement between the two parties, failing which the arbitrator shall be appointed by the Director-General of the WTO, following consultations with the parties, within 30 days of the arbitration request. The mandate of the arbitrator shall be to determine, within 90 days of his appointment, whether the envisaged rebinding of the EC tariff on bananas would result in at least maintaining total market access for MFN banana suppliers, taking into account the above mentioned EC commitments.
   
• If the arbitrator determines that the rebinding would not result in at least maintaining total market access for MFN suppliers, the EC shall rectify the matter. Within 10 days of the notification of the arbitration award to the General Council, the EC will enter into consultations with those interested parties that requested the arbitration. In the absence of a mutually satisfactory solution, the same arbitrator will be asked to determine, within 30 days of the new arbitration request, whether the EC has rectified the matter. The second arbitration award will be notified to the General Council. If the EC has failed to rectify the matter, this waiver shall cease to apply to bananas upon entry into force of the new EC tariff regime. The Article XXVIII negotiations and the arbitration procedures shall be concluded before the entry into force of the new EC tariff only regime on 1 January 2006.

 
F. European Communities — Transitional Regime for the EC Autonomous Tariff Rate Quotas on Imports of Bananas

EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES — TRANSITIONAL REGIME FOR THE EC AUTONOMOUS TARIFF RATE QUOTAS ON IMPORTS OF BANANAS

Decision of 14 November 2001(587)

          The Ministerial Conference,

          Having regard to the Guiding Principles to be followed in considering applications for waivers adopted on 1 November 1956, the Understanding in Respect of Waivers of Obligations under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994, and paragraphs 3 and 4 of Article IX of the Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization (hereinafter “WTO Agreement”);

          Taking note of the request of the European Communities for a waiver from its obligations under paragraphs 1 and 2 of Article XIII of the GATT 1994 with respect to bananas;

          Taking note of the understandings reached by the EC, Ecuador and the United States that identify the means by which the longstanding dispute over the EC’s banana regime can be resolved, in particular their provision for a temporary global quota allocation for ACP banana supplying countries under specified conditions;

          Taking into account the exceptional circumstances surrounding the resolution of the bananas dispute and the interests of many WTO Members in the EC banana regime;

          Recognizing the need to afford sufficient protection to the ACP banana supplying countries, including the most vulnerable, during a limited transition period, to enable them to prepare for a tariff only regime;

          Noting assurances given by the EC that it will, upon request, promptly enter into consultations with any interested member with respect to any difficulty or matter that may arise as a result of the implementation of the tariff rate quota for bananas originating in ACP States;

          Considering that, in light of the foregoing, the exceptional circumstances justifying a waiver from paragraphs 1 and 2 of Article XIII of the GATT 1994 with respect to bananas exist;

          Decides as follows:

1.       With respect to the EC’s imports of bananas, as of 1 January 2002, and until 31 December 2005, paragraphs 1 and 2 of Article XIII of the GATT 1994 are waived with respect to the EC’s separate tariff quota of 750,000 tonnes for bananas of ACP origin.

2.       The EC will, upon request, promptly enter into consultations with any interested member with respect to any difficulty or matter that may arise as a result of the implementation of the separate tariff rate quota for bananas originating in ACP States covered by this waiver; where a Member considers that any benefit accruing to it under the GATT 1994 may be or is being impaired unduly as a result of such implementation, such consultations shall examine the possibility of action for a satisfactory adjustment of the matter.

3.       Any Member which considers that the separate tariff rate quota for bananas originating in ACP States covered by this waiver is being applied inconsistently with this waiver or that any benefit accruing to it under the GATT 1994 may be or is being impaired unduly as a result of the implementation of the separate tariff rate quota for bananas originating in ACP States covered by this waiver and that consultations have proved unsatisfactory, may bring the matter before the General Council, which will examine it promptly and will formulate any recommendations that they judge appropriate.

4.       This waiver shall not preclude the right of affected members to have recourse to Articles XXII and XXIII of the GATT 1994.

XXVIII. The July Package    back to top

Doha Work Programme

Decision Adopted by the General Council on 1 August 2004(588)

1.       The General Council reaffirms the Ministerial Declarations and Decisions adopted at Doha and the full commitment of all Members to give effect to them. The Council emphasizes Members’ resolve to complete the Doha Work Programme fully and to conclude successfully the negotiations launched at Doha. Taking into account the Ministerial Statement adopted at Cancún on 14 September 2003, and the statements by the Council Chairman and the Director-General at the Council meeting of 15–16 December 2003, the Council takes note of the report by the Chairman of the Trade Negotiations Committee (TNC) and agrees to take action as follows:

a.      Agriculture: the General Council adopts the framework set out in Annex A to this document.

b.      Cotton: the General Council reaffirms the importance of the Sectoral Initiative on Cotton and takes note of the parameters set out in Annex A within which the trade-related aspects of this issue will be pursued in the agriculture negotiations. The General Council also attaches importance to the development aspects of the Cotton Initiative and wishes to stress the complementarity between the trade and development aspects. The Council takes note of the recent Workshop on Cotton in Cotonou on 23–24 March 2004 organized by the WTO Secretariat, and other bilateral and multilateral efforts to make progress on the development assistance aspects and instructs the Secretariat to continue to work with the development community and to provide the Council with periodic reports on relevant developments.

         Members should work on related issues of development multilaterally with the international financial institutions, continue their bilateral programmes, and all developed countries are urged to participate. In this regard, the General Council instructs the Director General to consult with the relevant international organizations, including the Bretton Woods Institutions, the Food and Agriculture Organization and the International Trade Centre to direct effectively existing programmes and any additional resources towards development of the economies where cotton has vital importance.

c.      Non-agricultural Market Access: the General Council adopts the framework set out in Annex B to this document.

d.      Development:

Principles: development concerns form an integral part of the Doha Ministerial Declaration. The General Council rededicates and recommits Members to fulfilling the development dimension of the Doha Development Agenda, which places the needs and interests of developing and least-developed countries at the heart of the Doha Work Programme. The Council reiterates the important role that enhanced market access, balanced rules, and well targeted, sustainably financed technical assistance and capacity building programmes can play in the economic development of these countries.

Special and Differential Treatment: the General Council reaffirms that provisions for special and differential (S&D) treatment are an integral part of the WTO Agreements. The Council recalls Ministers’ decision in Doha to review all S&D treatment provisions with a view to strengthening them and making them more precise, effective and operational. The Council recognizes the progress that has been made so far. The Council instructs the Committee on Trade and Development in Special Session to expeditiously complete the review of all the outstanding Agreement-specific proposals and report to the General Council, with clear recommendations for a decision, by July 2005. The Council further instructs the Committee, within the parameters of the Doha mandate, to address all other outstanding work, including on the crosscutting issues, the monitoring mechanism and the incorporation of S&D treatment into the architecture of WTO rules, as referred to in TN/CTD/7 and report, as appropriate, to the General Council.

The Council also instructs all WTO bodies to which proposals in Category II have been referred to expeditiously complete the consideration of these proposals and report to the General Council, with clear recommendations for a decision, as soon as possible and no later than July 2005. In doing so these bodies will ensure that, as far as possible, their meetings do not overlap so as to enable full and effective participation of developing countries in these discussions.

Technical Assistance: the General Council recognizes the progress that has been made since the Doha Ministerial Conference in expanding Trade-Related Technical Assistance (TRTA) to developing countries and low income countries in transition. In furthering this effort the Council affirms that such countries, and in particular least-developed countries, should be provided with enhanced TRTA and capacity building, to increase their effective participation in the negotiations, to facilitate their implementation of WTO rules, and to enable them to adjust and diversify their economies. In this context the Council welcomes and further encourages the improved coordination with other agencies, including under the Integrated Framework for TRTA for the LDCs (IF) and the Joint Integrated Technical Assistance Programme (JITAP).

Implementation: concerning implementation related issues, the General Council reaffirms the mandates Ministers gave in paragraph 12 of the Doha Ministerial Declaration and the Doha Decision on Implementation-Related Issues and Concerns, and renews Members’ determination to find appropriate solutions to outstanding issues. The Council instructs the Trade Negotiations Committee, negotiating bodies and other WTO bodies concerned to redouble their efforts to find appropriate solutions as a priority. Without prejudice to the positions of Members, the Council requests the Director-General to continue with his consultative process on all outstanding implementation issues under paragraph 12(b) of the Doha Ministerial Declaration, including on issues related to the extension of the protection of geographical indications provided for in Article 23 of the TRIPS Agreement to products other than wines and spirits, if need be by appointing Chairpersons of concerned WTO bodies as his Friends and/or by holding dedicated consultations. The Director-General shall report to the TNC and the General Council no later than May 2005. The Council shall review progress and take any appropriate action no later than July 2005.

Other Development Issues: in the ongoing market access negotiations, recognising the fundamental principles of the WTO and relevant provisions of GATT 1994, special attention shall be given to the specific trade and development related needs and concerns of developing countries, including capacity constraints. These particular concerns of developing countries, including relating to food security, rural development, livelihood, preferences, commodities and net food imports, as well as prior unilateral liberalisation, should be taken into consideration, as appropriate, in the course of the Agriculture and NAMA negotiations. The trade-related issues identified for the fuller integration of small, vulnerable economies into the multilateral trading system, should also be addressed, without creating a subcategory of Members, as part of a work programme, as mandated in paragraph 35 of the Doha Ministerial Declaration.

Least-Developed Countries: the General Council reaffirms the commitments made at Doha concerning least-developed countries and renews its determination to fulfil these commitments. Members will continue to take due account of the concerns of least-developed countries in the negotiations. The Council confirms that nothing in this Decision shall detract in any way from the special provisions agreed by Members in respect of these countries.

e.      Services: the General Council takes note of the report to the TNC by the Special Session of the Council for Trade in Services(1) and reaffirms Members’ commitment to progress in this area of the negotiations in line with the Doha mandate. The Council adopts the recommendations agreed by the Special Session, set out in Annex C to this document, on the basis of which further progress in the services negotiations will be pursued. Revised offers should be tabled by May 2005.

(footnote original) 1 This report is contained in document TN/S/16.

f.      Other negotiating bodies:

Rules, Trade & Environment and TRIPS: the General Council takes note of the reports to the TNC by the Negotiating Group on Rules and by the Special Sessions of the Committee on Trade and Environment and the TRIPS Council.(2) The Council reaffirms Members’ commitment to progress in all of these areas of the negotiations in line with the Doha mandates.

(footnote original) 2 The reports to the TNC referenced in this paragraph are contained in the following documents: Negotiating Group on Rules — TN/RL/9; Special Session of the Committee on Trade and Environment — TN/TE/9; Special Session of the Council for TRIPS — TN/IP/10.

Dispute Settlement: the General Council takes note of the report to the TNC by the Special Session of the Dispute Settlement Body(3) and reaffirms Members’ commitment to progress in this area of the negotiations in line with the Doha mandate. The Council adopts the TNC’s recommendation that work in the Special Session should continue on the basis set out by the Chairman of that body in his report to the TNC.

(footnote original) 3 This report is contained in document TN/DS/10.

g.      Trade Facilitation: taking note of the work done on trade facilitation by the Council for Trade in Goods under the mandate in paragraph 27 of the Doha Ministerial Declaration and the work carried out under the auspices of the General Council both prior to the Fifth Ministerial Conference and after its conclusion, the General Council decides by explicit consensus to commence negotiations on the basis of the modalities set out in Annex D to this document.

Relationship between Trade and Investment, Interaction between Trade and Competition Policy and Transparency in Government Procurement: the Council agrees that these issues, mentioned in the Doha Ministerial Declaration in paragraphs 20–22, 23–25 and 26 respectively, will not form part of the Work Programme set out in that Declaration and therefore no work towards negotiations on any of these issues will take place within the WTO during the Doha Round.

h.      Other elements of the Work Programme: the General Council reaffirms the high priority Ministers at Doha gave to those elements of the Work Programme which do not involve negotiations. Noting that a number of these issues are of particular interest to developing-country Members, the Council emphasizes its commitment to fulfil the mandates given by Ministers in all these areas. To this end, the General Council and other relevant bodies shall report in line with their Doha mandates to the Sixth Session of the Ministerial Conference. The moratoria covered by paragraph 11.1 of the Doha Ministerial Decision on Implementation-related Issues and Concerns and paragraph 34 of the Doha Ministerial Declaration are extended up to the Sixth Ministerial Conference.

2.       The General Council agrees that this Decision and its Annexes shall not be used in any dispute settlement proceeding under the DSU and shall not be used for interpreting the existing WTO Agreements.

3.       The General Council calls on all Members to redouble their efforts towards the conclusion of a balanced overall outcome of the Doha Development Agenda in fulfilment of the commitments Ministers took at Doha. The Council agrees to continue the negotiations launched at Doha beyond the timeframe set out in paragraph 45 of the Doha Declaration, leading to the Sixth Session of the Ministerial Conference. Recalling its decision of 21 October 2003 to accept the generous offer of the Government of Hong Kong, China to host the Sixth Session, the Council further agrees that this Session will be held in December 2005.

 
Annex A — Framework for Establishing Modalities in Agriculture

1.       The starting point for the current phase of the agriculture negotiations has been the mandate set out in Paragraph 13 of the Doha Ministerial Declaration. This in turn built on the long-term objective of the Agreement on Agriculture to establish a fair and market oriented trading system through a programme of fundamental reform. The elements below offer the additional precision required at this stage of the negotiations and thus the basis for the negotiations of full modalities in the next phase. The level of ambition set by the Doha mandate will continue to be the basis for the negotiations on agriculture.

2.       The final balance will be found only at the conclusion of these subsequent negotiations and within the Single Undertaking. To achieve this balance, the modalities to be developed will need to incorporate operationally effective and meaningful provisions for special and differential treatment for developing country Members. Agriculture is of critical importance to the economic development of developing country Members and they must be able to pursue agricultural policies that are supportive of their development goals, poverty reduction strategies, food security and livelihood concerns. Non-trade concerns, as referred to in Paragraph 13 of the Doha Declaration, will be taken into account.

3.       The reforms in all three pillars form an interconnected whole and must be approached in a balanced and equitable manner.

4.       The General Council recognizes the importance of cotton for a certain number of countries and its vital importance for developing countries, especially LDCs. It will be addressed ambitiously, expeditiously, and specifically, within the agriculture negotiations. The provisions of this framework provide a basis for this approach, as does the sectoral initiative on cotton. The Special Session of the Committee on Agriculture shall ensure appropriate prioritization of the cotton issue independently from other sectoral initiatives. A subcommittee on cotton will meet periodically and report to the Special Session of the Committee on Agriculture to review progress. Work shall encompass all trade-distorting policies affecting the sector in all three pillars of market access, domestic support, and export competition, as specified in the Doha text and this Framework text.

5.       Coherence between trade and development aspects of the cotton issue will be pursued as set out in paragraph 1.b of the text to which this Framework is annexed.

DOMESTIC SUPPORT

6.       The Doha Ministerial Declaration calls for “substantial reductions in trade-distorting domestic support”. With a view to achieving these substantial reductions, the negotiations in this pillar will ensure the following:

• Special and differential treatment remains an integral component of domestic support. Modalities to be developed will include longer implementation periods and lower reduction coefficients for all types of tradedistorting domestic support and continued access to the provisions under Article 6.2.
   
• There will be a strong element of harmonisation in the reductions made by developed Members. Specifically, higher levels of permitted trade-distorting domestic support will be subject to deeper cuts.
   
• Each such Member will make a substantial reduction in the overall level of its trade-distorting support from bound levels.
   
• As well as this overall commitment, Final Bound Total AMS and permitted de minimis levels will be subject to substantial reductions and, in the case of the Blue Box, will be capped as specified in paragraph 15 in order to ensure results that are coherent with the long-term reform objective. Any clarification or development of rules and conditions to govern trade distorting support will take this into account.

Overall Reduction: A Tiered Formula

7.       The overall base level of all trade-distorting domestic support, as measured by the Final Bound Total AMS plus permitted de minimis level and the level agreed in paragraph 8 below for Blue Box payments, will be reduced according to a tiered formula. Under this formula, Members having higher levels of trade-distorting domestic support will make greater overall reductions in order to achieve a harmonizing result. As the first instalment of the overall cut, in the first year and throughout the implementation period, the sum of all trade-distorting support will not exceed 80 per cent of the sum of Final Bound Total AMS plus permitted de minimis plus the Blue Box at the level determined in paragraph 15.

8.      The following parameters will guide the further negotiation of this tiered formula:

• This commitment will apply as a minimum overall commitment. It will not be applied as a ceiling on reductions of overall trade-distorting domestic support, should the separate and complementary formulae to be developed for Total AMS, de minimis and Blue Box payments imply, when taken together, a deeper cut in overall trade-distorting domestic support for an individual Member.
   
• The base for measuring the Blue Box component will be the higher of existing Blue Box payments during a recent representative period to be agreed and the cap established in paragraph 15 below.

Final Bound Total AMS: A Tiered Formula

9.      To achieve reductions with a harmonizing effect:

• Final Bound Total AMS will be reduced substantially, using a tiered approach.
   
• Members having higher Total AMS will make greater reductions.
   
• To prevent circumvention of the objective of the Agreement through transfers of unchanged domestic support between different support categories, product-specific AMSs will be capped at their respective average levels according to a methodology to be agreed.
   
• Substantial reductions in Final Bound Total AMS will result in reductions of some product-specific support.

10.     Members may make greater than formula reductions in order to achieve the required level of cut in overall trade-distorting domestic support.

De Minimis

11.     Reductions in de minimis will be negotiated taking into account the principle of special and differential treatment. Developing countries that allocate almost all de minimis support for subsistence and resource poor farmers will be exempt.

12.     Members may make greater than formula reductions in order to achieve the required level of cut in overall trade-distorting domestic support.

Blue Box

13.     Members recognize the role of the Blue Box in promoting agricultural reforms. In this light, Article 6.5 will be reviewed so that Members may have recourse to the following measures:

• Direct payments under production-limiting programmes if:

—  such payments are based on fixed and unchanging areas and yields; or

—  such payments are made on 85% or less of a fixed and unchanging base level of production; or

—  livestock payments are made on a fixed and unchanging number of head.

Or

• Direct payments that do not require production if:

—  such payments are based on fixed and unchanging bases and yields; or

—  livestock payments made on a fixed and unchanging number of head; and

—  such payments are made on 85% or less of a fixed and unchanging base level of production.

14.     The above criteria, along with additional criteria will be negotiated. Any such criteria will ensure that Blue Box payments are less trade-distorting than AMS measures, it being understood that:

• Any new criteria would need to take account of the balance of WTO rights and obligations.
   
• Any new criteria to be agreed will not have the perverse effect of undoing ongoing reforms.

15.     Blue Box support will not exceed 5% of a Member’s average total value of agricultural production during an historical period. The historical period will be established in the negotiations. This ceiling will apply to any actual or potential Blue Box user from the beginning of the implementation period. In cases where a Member has placed an exceptionally large percentage of its trade-distorting support in the Blue Box, some flexibility will be provided on a basis to be agreed to ensure that such a Member is not called upon to make a wholly disproportionate cut.

Green Box

16.     Green Box criteria will be reviewed and clarified with a view to ensuring that Green Box measures have no, or at most minimal, trade-distorting effects or effects on production. Such a review and clarification will need to ensure that the basic concepts, principles and effectiveness of the Green Box remain and take due account of non-trade concerns. The improved obligations for monitoring and surveillance of all new disciplines foreshadowed in paragraph 48 below will be particularly important with respect to the Green Box.

EXPORT COMPETITION

17.     The Doha Ministerial Declaration calls for “reduction of, with a view to phasing out, all forms of export subsidies”. As an outcome of the negotiations, Members agree to establish detailed modalities ensuring the parallel elimination of all forms of export subsidies and disciplines on all export measures with equivalent effect by a credible end date.

End Point

18.     The following will be eliminated by the end date to be agreed:

• Export subsidies as scheduled.
   
• Export credits, export credit guarantees or insurance programmes with repayment periods beyond 180 days.
   
• Terms and conditions relating to export credits, export credit guarantees or insurance programmes with repayment periods of 180 days and below which are not in accordance with disciplines to be agreed. These disciplines will cover, inter alia, payment of interest, minimum interest rates, minimum premium requirements, and other elements which can constitute subsidies or otherwise distort trade.
   
• Trade distorting practices with respect to exporting STEs including eliminating export subsidies provided to or by them, government financing, and the underwriting of losses. The issue of the future use of monopoly powers will be subject to further negotiation.
   
• Provision of food aid that is not in conformity with operationally effective disciplines to be agreed. The objective of such disciplines will be to prevent commercial displacement. The role of international organizations as regards the provision of food aid by Members, including related humanitarian and developmental issues, will be addressed in the negotiations. The question of providing food aid exclusively in fully grant form will also be addressed in the negotiations.

19.     Effective transparency provisions for paragraph 18 will be established. Such provisions, in accordance with standard WTO practice, will be consistent with commercial confidentiality considerations.

Implementation

20.     Commitments and disciplines in paragraph 18 will be implemented according to a schedule and modalities to be agreed. Commitments will be implemented by annual instalments. Their phasing will take into account the need for some coherence with internal reform steps of Members.

21.     The negotiation of the elements in paragraph 18 and their implementation will ensure equivalent and parallel commitments by Members.

Special and Differential Treatment

22.     Developing country Members will benefit from longer implementation periods for the phasing out of all forms of export subsidies.

23.     Developing countries will continue to benefit from special and differential treatment under the provisions of Article 9.4 of the Agreement on Agriculture for a reasonable period, to be negotiated, after the phasing out of all forms of export subsidies and implementation of all disciplines identified above are completed.

24.     Members will ensure that the disciplines on export credits, export credit guarantees or insurance programs to be agreed will make appropriate provision for differential treatment in favour of least-developed and net food-importing developing countries as provided for in paragraph 4 of the Decision on Measures Concerning the Possible Negative Effects of the Reform Programme on Least-Developed and Net Food-Importing Developing Countries. Improved obligations for monitoring and surveillance of all new disciplines as foreshadowed in paragraph 48 will be critically important in this regard. Provisions to be agreed in this respect must not undermine the commitments undertaken by Members under the obligations in paragraph 18 above.

25.     STEs in developing country Members which enjoy special privileges to preserve domestic consumer price stability and to ensure food security will receive special consideration for maintaining monopoly status.

Special Circumstances

26.     In exceptional circumstances, which cannot be adequately covered by food aid, commercial export credits or preferential international financing facilities, ad hoc temporary financing arrangements relating to exports to developing countries may be agreed by Members. Such agreements must not have the effect of undermining commitments undertaken by Members in paragraph 18 above, and will be based on criteria and consultation procedures to be established.

MARKET ACCESS

27.     The Doha Ministerial Declaration calls for “substantial improvements in market access”. Members also agreed that special and differential treatment for developing Members would be an integral part of all elements in the negotiations.

The Single Approach: a Tiered Formula

28.     To ensure that a single approach for developed and developing country Members meets all the objectives of the Doha mandate, tariff reductions will be made through a tiered formula that takes into account their different tariff structures.

29.     To ensure that such a formula will lead to substantial trade expansion, the following principles will guide its further negotiation:

• Tariff reductions will be made from bound rates. Substantial overall tariff reductions will be achieved as a final result from negotiations.
   
• Each Member (other than LDCs) will make a contribution. Operationally effective special and differential provisions for developing country Members will be an integral part of all elements.
   
• Progressivity in tariff reductions will be achieved through deeper cuts in higher tariffs with flexibilities for sensitive products. Substantial improvements in market access will be achieved for all products.

30.     The number of bands, the thresholds for defining the bands and the type of tariff reduction in each band remain under negotiation. The role of a tariff cap in a tiered formula with distinct treatment for sensitive products will be further evaluated.

Sensitive Products

Selection

31.     Without undermining the overall objective of the tiered approach, Members may designate an appropriate number, to be negotiated, of tariff lines to be treated as sensitive, taking account of existing commitments for these products.

Treatment

32.     The principle of ‘substantial improvement’ will apply to each product.

33.     ‘Substantial improvement’ will be achieved through combinations of tariff quota commitments and tariff reductions applying to each product. However, balance in this negotiation will be found only if the final negotiated result also reflects the sensitivity of the product concerned.

34.     Some MFN-based tariff quota expansion will be required for all such products. A base for such an expansion will be established, taking account of coherent and equitable criteria to be developed in the negotiations. In order not to undermine the objective of the tiered approach, for all such products, MFN based tariff quota expansion will be provided under specific rules to be negotiated taking into account deviations from the tariff formula.

Other Elements

35.     Other elements that will give the flexibility required to reach a final balanced result include reduction or elimination of in-quota tariff rates, and operationally effective improvements in tariff quota administration for existing tariff quotas so as to enable Members, and particularly developing country Members, to fully benefit from the market access opportunities under tariff rate quotas.

36.     Tariff escalation will be addressed through a formula to be agreed.

37.     The issue of tariff simplification remains under negotiation.

38.     The question of the special agricultural safeguard (SSG) remains under negotiation.

Special and differential treatment

39.     Having regard to their rural development, food security and/or livelihood security needs, special and differential treatment for developing countries will be an integral part of all elements of the negotiation, including the tariff reduction formula, the number and treatment of sensitive products, expansion of tariff rate quotas, and implementation period.

40.     Proportionality will be achieved by requiring lesser tariff reduction commitments or tariff quota expansion commitments from developing country Members.

41.     Developing country Members will have the flexibility to designate an appropriate number of products as Special Products, based on criteria of food security, livelihood security and rural development needs. These products will be eligible for more flexible treatment. The criteria and treatment of these products will be further specified during the negotiation phase and will recognize the fundamental importance of Special Products to developing countries.

42.     A Special Safeguard Mechanism (SSM) will be established for use by developing country Members.

43.     Full implementation of the long-standing commitment to achieve the fullest liberalisation of trade in tropical agricultural products and for products of particular importance to the diversification of production from the growing of illicit narcotic crops is overdue and will be addressed effectively in the market access negotiations.

44.     The importance of long-standing preferences is fully recognised. The issue of preference erosion will be addressed. For the further consideration in this regard, paragraph 16 and other relevant provisions of TN/AG/W/1/Rev.1 will be used as a reference.

LEAST-DEVELOPED COUNTRIES

45.     Least-Developed Countries, which will have full access to all special and differential treatment provisions above, are not required to undertake reduction commitments. Developed Members, and developing country Members in a position to do so, should provide duty-free and quota-free market access for products originating from least-developed countries.

46.     Work on cotton under all the pillars will reflect the vital importance of this sector to certain LDC Members and we will work to achieve ambitious results expeditiously.

RECENTLY ACCEDED MEMBERS

47.     The particular concerns of recently acceded Members will be effectively addressed through specific flexibility provisions.

MONITORING AND SURVEILLANCE

48.     Article 18 of the Agreement on Agriculture will be amended with a view to enhancing monitoring so as to effectively ensure full transparency, including through timely and complete notifications with respect to the commitments in market access, domestic support and export competition. The particular concerns of developing countries in this regard will be addressed.

OTHER ISSUES

49.     Issues of interest but not agreed: sectoral initiatives, differential export taxes, GIs.

50.     Disciplines on export prohibitions and restrictions in Article 12.1 of the Agreement on Agriculture will be strengthened.

 
Annex B — Framework for Establishing Modalities in Market Access for Non-Agricultural Products

1.       This Framework contains the initial elements for future work on modalities by the Negotiating Group on Market Access. Additional negotiations are required to reach agreement on the specifics of some of these elements. These relate to the formula, the issues concerning the treatment of unbound tariffs in indent two of paragraph 5, the flexibilities for developing-country participants, the issue of participation in the sectorial tariff component and the preferences. In order to finalize the modalities, the Negotiating Group is instructed to address these issues expeditiously in a manner consistent with the mandate of paragraph 16 of the Doha Ministerial Declaration and the overall balance therein.

2.       We reaffirm that negotiations on market access for non-agricultural products shall aim to reduce or as appropriate eliminate tariffs, including the reduction or elimination of tariff peaks, high tariffs, and tariff escalation, as well as non-tariff barriers, in particular on products of export interest to developing countries. We also reaffirm the importance of special and differential treatment and less than full reciprocity in reduction commitments as integral parts of the modalities.

3.       We acknowledge the substantial work undertaken by the Negotiating Group on Market Access and the progress towards achieving an agreement on negotiating modalities. We take note of the constructive dialogue on the Chair’s Draft Elements of Modalities (TN/MA/W/35/Rev.1) and confirm our intention to use this document as a reference for the future work of the Negotiating Group. We instruct the Negotiating Group to continue its work, as mandated by paragraph 16 of the Doha Ministerial Declaration with its corresponding references to the relevant provisions of Article XXVIII bis of GATT 1994 and to the provisions cited in paragraph 50 of the Doha Ministerial Declaration, on the basis set out below.

4.       We recognize that a formula approach is key to reducing tariffs, and reducing or eliminating tariff peaks, high tariffs, and tariff escalation. We agree that the Negotiating Group should continue its work on a non-linear formula applied on a line-by-line basis which shall take fully into account the special needs and interests of developing and least-developed country participants, including through less than full reciprocity in reduction commitments.

5.       We further agree on the following elements regarding the formula:

• product coverage shall be comprehensive without a priori exclusions;
   
• tariff reductions or elimination shall commence from the bound rates after full implementation of current concessions; however, for unbound tariff lines, the basis for commencing the tariff reductions shall be [two] times the MFN applied rate in the base year;
   
• the base year for MFN applied tariff rates shall be 2001 (applicable rates on 14 November);
   
• credit shall be given for autonomous liberalization by developing countries provided that the tariff lines were bound on an MFN basis in the WTO since the conclusion of the Uruguay Round;
   
• all non-ad valorem duties shall be converted to ad valorem equivalents on the basis of a methodology to be determined and bound in ad valorem terms;
   
• negotiations shall commence on the basis of the HS96 or HS2002 nomenclature, with the results of the negotiations to be finalized in HS2002 nomenclature;
   
• the reference period for import data shall be 1999–2001.

6.       We furthermore agree that, as an exception, participants with a binding coverage of non-agricultural tariff lines of less than [35] percent would be exempt from making tariff reductions through the formula. Instead, we expect them to bind [100] percent of non-agricultural tariff lines at an average level that does not exceed the overall average of bound tariffs for all developing countries after full implementation of current concessions.

7.       We recognize that a sectorial tariff component, aiming at elimination or harmonization is another key element to achieving the objectives of paragraph 16 of the Doha Ministerial Declaration with regard to the reduction or elimination of tariffs, in particular on products of export interest to developing countries. We recognize that participation by all participants will be important to that effect. We therefore instruct the Negotiating Group to pursue its discussions on such a component, with view to defining product coverage, participation, and adequate provisions of flexibility for developing-country participants.

8.       We agree that developing-country participants shall have longer implementation periods for tariff reductions. In addition, they shall be given the following flexibility:

a)      applying less than formula cuts to up to [10] percent of the tariff lines provided that the cuts are no less than half the formula cuts and that these tariff lines do not exceed [10] percent of the total value of a Member’s imports; or

b)      keeping, as an exception, tariff lines unbound, or not applying formula cuts for up to [5] percent of tariff lines provided they do not exceed [5] percent of the total value of a Member’s imports.

We furthermore agree that this flexibility could not be used to exclude entire HS Chapters.

9.       We agree that least-developed country participants shall not be required to apply the formula nor participate in the sectorial approach, however, as part of their contribution to this round of negotiations, they are expected to substantially increase their level of binding commitments.

10.     Furthermore, in recognition of the need to enhance the integration of least-developed countries into the multilateral trading system and support the diversification of their production and export base, we call upon developed-country participants and other participants who so decide, to grant on an autonomous basis duty-free and quota-free market access for non-agricultural products originating from least-developed countries by the year […].

11.     We recognize that newly acceded Members shall have recourse to special provisions for tariff reductions in order to take into account their extensive market access commitments undertaken as part of their accession and that staged tariff reductions are still being implemented in many cases. We instruct the Negotiating Group to further elaborate on such provisions.

12.     We agree that pending agreement on core modalities for tariffs, the possibilities of supplementary modalities such as zero-for-zero sector elimination, sectorial harmonization, and request & offer, should be kept open.

13.     In addition, we ask developed-country participants and other participants who so decide to consider the elimination of low duties.

14.     We recognize that NTBs are an integral and equally important part of these negotiations and instruct participants to intensify their work on NTBs. In particular, we encourage all participants to make notifications on NTBs by 31 October 2004 and to proceed with identification, examination, categorization, and ultimately negotiations on NTBs. We take note that the modalities for addressing NTBs in these negotiations could include request/offer, horizontal, or vertical approaches; and should fully take into account the principle of special and differential treatment for developing and least-developed country participants.

15.     We recognize that appropriate studies and capacity building measures shall be an integral part of the modalities to be agreed. We also recognize the work that has already been undertaken in these areas and ask participants to continue to identify such issues to improve participation in the negotiations.

16.     We recognize the challenges that may be faced by non-reciprocal preference beneficiary Members and those Members that are at present highly dependent on tariff revenue as a result of these negotiations on nonagricultural products. We instruct the Negotiating Group to take into consideration, in the course of its work, the particular needs that may arise for the Members concerned.

17.     We furthermore encourage the Negotiating Group to work closely with the Committee on Trade and Environment in Special Session with a view to addressing the issue of non-agricultural environmental goods covered in paragraph 31 (iii) of the Doha Ministerial Declaration.

 
Annex C — Recommendations of the Special Session of the Council for Trade in Services

(a)      Members who have not yet submitted their initial offers must do so as soon as possible.

(b)      A date for the submission of a round of revised offers should be established as soon as feasible.

(c)      With a view to providing effective market access to all Members and in order to ensure a substantive outcome, Members shall strive to ensure a high quality of offers, particularly in sectors and modes of supply of export interest to developing countries, with special attention to be given to least-developed countries.

(d)      Members shall aim to achieve progressively higher levels of liberalization with no a priori exclusion of any service sector or mode of supply and shall give special attention to sectors and modes of supply of export interest to developing countries. Members note the interest of developing countries, as well as other Members, in Mode 4.

(e)      Members must intensify their efforts to conclude the negotiations on rule-making under GATS Articles VI:4, X, XIII and XV in accordance with their respective mandates and deadlines.

(f)      Targeted technical assistance should be provided with a view to enabling developing countries to participate effectively in the negotiations.

(g)      For the purpose of the Sixth Ministerial meeting, the Special Session of the Council for Trade in Services shall review progress in these negotiations and provide a full report to the Trade Negotiations Committee, including possible recommendations.

 
Annex D — Modalities for Negotiations on Trade Facilitation

1.       Negotiations shall aim to clarify and improve relevant aspects of Articles V, VIII and X of the GATT 1994 with a view to further expediting the movement, release and clearance of goods, including goods in transit.(1) Negotiations shall also aim at enhancing technical assistance and support for capacity building in this area. The negotiations shall further aim at provisions for effective cooperation between customs or any other appropriate authorities on trade facilitation and customs compliance issues.

(footnote original) 1 It is understood that this is without prejudice to the possible format of the final result of the negotiations and would allow consideration of various forms of outcomes.

2.       The results of the negotiations shall take fully into account the principle of special and differential treatment for developing and least-developed countries. Members recognize that this principle should extend beyond the granting of traditional transition periods for implementing commitments. In particular, the extent and the timing of entering into commitments shall be related to the implementation capacities of developing and least-developed Members. It is further agreed that those Members would not be obliged to undertake investments in infrastructure projects beyond their means.

3.       Least-developed country Members will only be required to undertake commitments to the extent consistent with their individual development, financial and trade needs or their administrative and institutional capabilities.

4.       As an integral part of the negotiations, Members shall seek to identify their trade facilitation needs and priorities, particularly those of developing and least-developed countries, and shall also address the concerns of developing and least-developed countries related to cost implications of proposed measures.

5.       It is recognized that the provision of technical assistance and support for capacity building is vital for developing and least-developed countries to enable them to fully participate in and benefit from the negotiations. Members, in particular developed countries, therefore commit themselves to adequately ensure such support and assistance during the negotiations.(2)

(footnote original) 2 In connection with this paragraph, Members note that paragraph 38 of the Doha Ministerial Declaration addresses relevant technical assistance and capacity building concerns of Members.

6.       Support and assistance should also be provided to help developing and least-developed countries implement the commitments resulting from the negotiations, in accordance with their nature and scope. In this context, it is recognized that negotiations could lead to certain commitments whose implementation would require support for infrastructure development on the part of some Members. In these limited cases, developed-country Members will make every effort to ensure support and assistance directly related to the nature and scope of the commitments in order to allow implementation. It is understood, however, that in cases where required support and assistance for such infrastructure is not forthcoming, and where a developing or least-developed Member continues to lack the necessary capacity, implementation will not be required. While every effort will be made to ensure the necessary support and assistance, it is understood that the commitments by developed countries to provide such support are not open-ended.

7.       Members agree to review the effectiveness of the support and assistance provided and its ability to support the implementation of the results of the negotiations.

8.       In order to make technical assistance and capacity building more effective and operational and to ensure better coherence, Members shall invite relevant international organizations, including the IMF, OECD, UNCTAD, WCO and the World Bank to undertake a collaborative effort in this regard.

9.       Due account shall be taken of the relevant work of the WCO and other relevant international organizations in this area.

10.     Paragraphs 45–51 of the Doha Ministerial Declaration shall apply to these negotiations. At its first meeting after the July session of the General Council, the Trade Negotiations Committee shall establish a Negotiating Group on Trade Facilitation and appoint its Chair. The first meeting of the Negotiating Group shall agree on a work plan and schedule of meetings.

XXIX. General Interpretative Note to Annex 1A    back to top

A. Text of General Interpretative Note to Annex 1A

General Interpretative Note to Annex 1A

          In the event of conflict between a provision of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994 and a provision of another agreement in Annex 1A to the Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization (referred to in the agreements in Annex 1A as the “WTO Agreement”), the provision of the other agreement shall prevail to the extent of the conflict.

 
B. Interpretation and Application of General Interpretative Note to Annex 1A

1. General

(a) Presumption against conflict

1.       In EC — Bananas III, given the existence of claims raised under GATT 1994, the Licensing Agreement and the TRIMs Agreement, the Panel was required to consider the interpretative interrelationship of these three agreements. In so doing, it first referred to the General Interpretative Note to Annex 1A of the WTO Agreement, which provides that in the event of conflict between a provision of the GATT 1994 and another Agreement of Annex 1A, the provision of the other Agreement prevails. Noting that both the Licensing Agreement and the TRIMs Agreement are agreements in Annex 1A to WTO Agreement, the Panel, in a finding not reviewed by the Appellate Body, concluded that, in the case before it, “no conflicting, i.e. mutually exclusive, obligations arise from the provisions of the three Agreements …”.(589)

(b) Issue of lex specialis/conflict

2.       In Indonesia — Autos, Indonesia argued that the measures under examination were subsidies and therefore the SCM Agreement, being lex specialis, was the only “applicable law” (to the exclusion of other WTO provisions). The Panel recalled that a presumption against conflict existed in public international law:

“We recall the Panel’s finding in Indonesia — Autos, a dispute where

‘In considering Indonesia’s defence that there is a general conflict between the provisions of the SCM Agreement and those of Article III of GATT, and consequently that the SCM Agreement is the only applicable law, we recall first that in public international law there is a presumption against conflict. This presumption is especially relevant in the WTO context(590) since all WTO Agreements, including GATT 1994 which was modified by Understandings when judged necessary, were negotiated at the same time, by the same Members and in the same forum. In this context we recall the principle of effective interpretation pursuant to which all provisions of a treaty (and in the WTO system all agreements) must be given meaning, using the ordinary meaning of words’.”(591)

3.       As regards the order of analysis where two or more provisions from different covered Agreements appear a priori to the measure in question, see Section XXXVI.A.1 of the Chapter on the DSU.

4.       As regards conflicts between provisions of the GATT 1994 and provisions of other agreements in Annex IA, see relevant Chapters in the WTO Analytical Index.

Footnotes:

387. WT/L/11. The United States informed the Director-General on 30 December 1994 and formally invoked Article XIII:1 on 27 January 1995. WT/L/11. back to text
388. WT/L/159. back to text
389. WT/L/275. back to text
390. WT/L/318. back to text
391. WT/L/395. back to text
392. WT/L/505. back to text
393. WT/L/203. back to text
394. WT/L/306. back to text
395. WT/L/363. back to text
396. WT/L/385. back to text
397. WT/L/429. back to text
398. WT/L/501. back to text
399. The text of the adopted decisions can be found in PC/11, PC/12, PC/13 and PC/15. back to text
400. WT/GC/M/1, section 4.I(e). The text of the adopted decision can be found in WT/L/29. back to text
401. The text of the decision relating to the Agreement on Implementation of Article VI of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade can be found in PC/14. Also, the text of the decision relating to the Agreement on Interpretation and Application of Articles VI, XVI and XXIII of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade can be found in PC/16. back to text
402. WT/GC/M/1, section 11. See also Chapter on the Agreement on Customs Valuation, para. 20. back to text
403. The text of the adopted decision can be found in PC/10. back to text
404. WT/GC/M/1, section 4.I(b). The text of the adopted decision can be found in WT/L/27. back to text
405. W/Let/1. The Preparatory Committee for the World Trade Organization, on 8 December 1994, “confirmed 1 January 1995 as the date of entry into force of the WTO Agreement.” PC/M/10, para. 4. back to text
406. Accepted 15 April 1994. The notification was issued 27 January 1995. WT/LET/1. back to text
407. Accepted 29 December 1994. The notification was issued 27 January 1995. WT/LET/1. back to text
408. Accepted 21 December 1994. The notification was issued 27 January 1995. WT/LET/1. back to text
409. Accepted 6 December 1994. The notification was issued 27 January 1995. WT/LET/1. back to text
410. Accepted 27 July 1994. The notification was issued 27 January 1995. WT/LET/1. back to text
411. Accepted 15 April 1994. The notification was issued 27 January 1995. WT/LET/1. back to text
412. Accepted 15 April 1994. The notification was issued 27 January 1995. WT/LET/1. back to text
413. Accepted 30 December 1994. The notification was issued 27 January 1995. WT/LET/1. back to text
414. Accepted 15 April 1994. The notification was issued 27 January 1995. WT/LET/1. back to text
415. Accepted 21 December 1994. The notification was issued 27 January 1995. WT/LET/1. back to text
416. Accepted 16 November 1994. The notification was issued 27 January 1995. WT/LET/1. back to text
417. Accepted 30 December 1994. The notification was issued 27 January 1995. WT/LET/1. back to text
418. Accepted 28 December 1994. The notification was issued 27 January 1995. WT/LET/1. back to text
419. Accepted 26 December 1994. The notification was issued 27 January 1995. WT/LET/1. back to text
420. Accepted 29 December 1994. The notification was issued 27 January 1995. WT/LET/1. back to text
421. Accepted 23 December 1994. The notification was issued 27 January 1995. WT/LET/1. back to text
422. Accepted 30 December 1994. The notification was issued 27 January 1995. WT/LET/1. back to text
423. Accepted 22 December 1994. The notification was issued 27 January 1995. WT/LET/1. back to text
424. Accepted 30 December 1994. The notification was issued 27 January 1995. WT/LET/1. Note that the Agreement refers to the “European Communities” in Article XI, but only “the European Community” officially accepted the WTO Agreement. back to text
425. Accepted 30 December 1994. The notification was issued 27 January 1995. WT/LET/1. back to text
426. Accepted 30 December 1994. The notification was issued 27 January 1995. WT/LET/1. back to text
427. Accepted 15 April 1994. The notification was issued 27 January 1995. WT/LET/1. back to text
428. Accepted 30 December 1994. The notification was issued 27 January 1995. WT/LET/1. back to text
429. Accepted 23 December 1994. The notification was issued 27 January 1995. WT/LET/1. back to text
430. Accepted 30 December 1994. The notification was issued 27 January 1995. WT/LET/1. back to text
431. Accepted 15 April 1994. The notification was issued 27 January 1995. WT/LET/1. back to text
432. Accepted 16 December 1994. The notification was issued 27 January 1995. WT/LET/1. back to text
433. Accepted 3 October 1994. The notification was issued 27 January 1995. WT/LET/1. Since 1 July 1997, when sovereignty over Hong Kong reverted to China, this separate customs territory has been known as “Hong Kong, China”. back to text
434. Accepted 28 December 1994. The notification was issued 27 January 1995. WT/LET/1. back to text
435. Accepted 30 December 1994. The notification was issued 27 January 1995. WT/LET/1. back to text
436. Accepted 30 December 1994. The notification was issued 27 January 1995. WT/LET/1. back to text
437. Accepted 2 December 1994. The notification was issued 27 January 1995. WT/LET/1. back to text
438. Accepted 30 December 1994. The notification was issued 27 January 1995. WT/LET/1. back to text
439. Accepted 30 December 1994. The notification was issued 27 January 1995. WT/LET/1. back to text
440. Accepted 27 December 1994. The notification was issued 27 January 1995. WT/LET/1. back to text
441. Accepted 23 December 1994. The notification was issued 27 January 1995. WT/LET/1. back to text
442. Accepted 30 December 1994. The notification was issued 27 January 1995. WT/LET/1. back to text
443. Accepted 15 April 1994. The notification was issued 27 January 1995. WT/LET/1. back to text
444. Accepted 30 December 1994. The notification was issued 27 January 1995. WT/LET/1. back to text
445. Accepted 23 December 1994. The notification was issued 27 January 1995. WT/LET/1. Since 20 December 1999, when sovereignty over Macau reverted to China, this separate customs territory has been known as “Macau, China”. back to text
446. Accepted 6 September 1994. The notification was issued 27 January 1995. WT/LET/1. back to text
447. Accepted 22 December 1994. The notification was issued 27 January 1995. WT/LET/1. back to text
448. Accepted 15 April 1994. The notification was issued 27 January 1995. WT/LET/1. back to text
449. Accepted 31 August 1994. The notification was issued 27 January 1995. WT/LET/1. back to text
450. Accepted 15 April 1994. The notification was issued 27 January 1995. WT/LET/1. back to text
451. Accepted 29 November 1994. The notification was issued 27 January 1995. WT/LET/1. back to text
452. Accepted 15 April 1994. The notification was issued 27 January 1995. WT/LET/1. back to text
453. Accepted 30 December 1994. The notification was issued 27 January 1995. WT/LET/1. back to text
454. Accepted 7 December 1994. The notification was issued 27 January 1995. WT/LET/1. back to text
455. Accepted 6 December 1994. The notification was issued 27 January 1995. WT/LET/1. back to text
456. Accepted 7 December 1994. The notification was issued 27 January 1995. WT/LET/1. back to text
457. Accepted 30 December 1994. The notification was issued 27 January 1995. WT/LET/1. back to text
458. Accepted 30 November 1994. The notification was issued 27 January 1995. WT/LET/1. back to text
459. Accepted 21 December 1994. The notification was issued 27 January 1995. WT/LET/1. back to text
460. Accepted 19 December 1994. The notification was issued 27 January 1995. WT/LET/1. back to text
461. Accepted 30 December 1994. The notification was issued 27 January 1995. WT/LET/1. back to text
462. Accepted 23 December 1994. The notification was issued 27 January 1995. WT/LET/1. back to text
463. Accepted 30 December 1994. The notification was issued 27 January 1995. WT/LET/1. back to text
464. Accepted 28 December 1994. The notification was issued 27 January 1995. WT/LET/1. back to text
465. Accepted 29 December 1994. The notification was issued 27 January 1995. WT/LET/1. back to text
466. Accepted 17 October 1994. The notification was issued 27 January 1995. WT/LET/1. back to text
467. Accepted 23 December 1994. The notification was issued 27 January 1995. WT/LET/1. back to text
468. Accepted 2 December 1994. The notification was issued 27 January 1995. WT/LET/1. back to text
469. Accepted 30 December 1994. The notification was issued 27 January 1995. WT/LET/1. back to text
470. Accepted 6 July 1994. The notification was issued 27 January 1995. WT/LET/1. back to text
471. Accepted 15 April 1994. The notification was issued 27 January 1995. WT/LET/1. back to text
472. Accepted 28 December 1994. The notification was issued 27 January 1995. WT/LET/1. back to text
473. Accepted 22 December 1994. The notification was issued 27 January 1995. WT/LET/1. back to text
474. Accepted 6 December 1994. The notification was issued 27 January 1995. WT/LET/1. back to text
475. Accepted 28 December 1994. The notification was issued 27 January 1995. WT/LET/1. back to text
476. Accepted 15 April 1994. The notification was issued 27 January 1995. WT/LET/1. back to text
477. Accepted 30 December 1994. The notification was issued 27 January 1995. WT/LET/1. back to text
478. Accepted 30 December 1994. The notification was issued 27 January 1995. WT/LET/1. back to text
479. Accepted 29 December 1994. The notification was issued 27 January 1995. WT/LET/1. back to text
480. Accepted 30 December 1994. The notification was issued 27 January 1995. WT/LET/1. back to text
481. Accepted 15 April 1994. The notification was issued 27 January 1995. WT/LET/1. back to text
482. Accepted 30 January 1995. Entry into force 1 March 1995. The notification was issued 14 February 1995. WT/LET/7. back to text
483. Accepted 3 February 1995. Entry into force 5 March 1995. The notification was issued 14 February 1995. WT/LET/7. back to text
484. Accepted 7 February 1995. Entry into force 9 March 1995. The notification was issued 14 February 1995. WT/LET/7. back to text
485. Accepted 7 February 1995. Entry into force 9 March 1995. The notification was issued 14 February 1995. WT/LET/7. back to text
486. Accepted 24 February 1995. Entry into force 26 March 1995. The notification was issued 22 May 1995. WT/LET/1/Rev.2. back to text
487. Accepted 21 March 1995. Entry into force 20 April 1995. The notification was issued 22 May 1995. WT/LET/1/Rev.2. back to text
488. Accepted 24 February 1995. Entry into force 26 March 1995. The notification was issued 22 May 1995. WT/LET/1/Rev.2. back to text
489. Accepted 22 March 1995. Entry into force 21 April 1995. The notification was issued 22 May 1995. WT/LET/1/Rev.2. back to text
490. Accepted 31 March 1995. Entry into force 30 April 1995. The notification was issued 7 April 1995. WT/LET/12. back to text
491. Accepted 7 April 1995. Entry into force 7 May 1995. The notification was issued 22 May 1995. WT/LET/1/Rev.2. back to text
492. Accepted 4 May 1995. Entry into force 3 June 1995. The notification was issued 22 May 1995. WT/LET/1/Rev.2. back to text
493. Accepted 31 May 1995. Entry into force 30 June 1995. The notification was issued 15 June 1995. WT/LET/19. back to text
494. Accepted 30 December 1994. Entry into force 31 May 1995. The notification was issued 15 June 1995. WT/LET/19. back to text
495. Accepted 15 April 1994. Entry into force 31 May 1995. The notification was issued 15 June 1995. WT/LET/19. back to text
496. Accepted 30 March 1995. Entry into force 31 May 1995. The notification was issued 15 June 1995. WT/LET/19. back to text
497. Accepted 15 April 1994. Entry into force 31 May 1995. The notification was issued 15 June 1995. WT/LET/19. back to text
498. Accepted 21 December 1994. Entry into force 31 May 1995. The notification was issued 15 June 1995. WT/LET/19. back to text
499. Accepted 3 January 1995. Entry into force 31 May 1995. The notification was issued 15 June 1995. WT/LET/19. back to text
500. Accepted 15 April 1994. Entry into force 31 May 1995. The notification was issued 15 June 1995. WT/LET/19. back to text
501. Accepted 12 October 1994. Entry into force 31 May 1995. The notification was issued 15 June 1995. WT/LET/19. back to text
502. Accepted 15 April 1994. Entry into force 31 May 1995. The notification was issued 15 June 1995. WT/LET/19. back to text
503. Accepted 19 April 1995. Entry into force 31 May 1995. The notification was issued 15 June 1995. WT/LET/19. back to text
504. Accepted 1 June 1995. Entry into force 1 July 1995. The notification was issued 15 June 1995. WT/LET/19. back to text
505. Accepted 1 June 1995. Entry into force 1 July 1995. The notification was issued 15 June 1995. WT/LET/19. back to text
506. Accepted 21 June 1995. Entry into force 23 July 1995. The notification was issued 28 June 1995. WT/LET/24. back to text
507. Accepted 23 June 1995. Entry into force 23 July 1995. The notification was issued 28 June 1995. WT/LET/24. back to text
508. Accepted 23 June 1995. Entry into force 23 July 1995. The notification was issued 28 June 1995. WT/LET/24. back to text
509. Accepted 30 June 1995. Entry into force 30 July 1995. The notification was issued 5 July 1995. WT/LET/26. back to text
510. Accepted 30 June 1995. Entry into force 30 July 1995. The notification was issued 5 July 1995. WT/LET/26. back to text
511. Accepted 27 July 1995. Entry into force 26 August 1995. The notification was issued 23 August 1995. WT/LET/29. back to text
512. Accepted 2 August 1995. Entry into force 1 September 1995. The notification was issued 23 August 1995. WT/LET/29. back to text
513. Accepted 4 August 1995. Entry into force 3 September 1995. The notification was issued 23 August 1995. WT/LET/29. back to text
514. Accepted 13 August 1995. Entry into force 14 September 1995. The notification was issued 23 August 1995. WT/LET/29. back to text
515. Accepted 25 September 1995. Entry into force 25 October 1995. The notification was issued 13 October 1995. WT/LET/31. back to text
516. Accepted 18 October 1995. Entry into force 17 November 1995. The notification was issued 23 October 1995. WT/LET/33. back to text
517. Accepted 13 November 1995. Entry into force 13 December 1995. The notification was issued 20 November 1995. WT/LET/41. back to text
518. Accepted 15 December 1995. Entry into force 14 January 1996. The notification was issued 19 December 1995. WT/LET/47. back to text
519. Accepted 31 December 1995. Entry into force 30 January 1996. The notification was issued 8 January 1996. WT/LET/52. back to text
520. Accepted 23 January 1996. Entry into force 22 February 1995. The notification was issued 25 January 1996. WT/LET/60. back to text
521. Accepted 22 April 1996. Entry into force 22 May 1996. The notification was issued 30 April 1996. WT/LET/77. back to text
522. Accepted 26 June 1996. Entry into force 26 July 1996. The notification was issued 1 July 1996. WT/LET/97. back to text
523. Accepted 19 September 1996. Entry into force 19 October 1996. The notification was issued 24 September 1996. WT/LET/110. back to text
524. Accepted 23 September 1996. Entry into force 23 October 1996. The notification was issued 24 September 1996. WT/LET/110. back to text
525. Accepted 24 October 1996. Entry into force 23 November 1996. The notification was issued 29 October 1996. WT/LET/116. back to text
526. Accepted 13 November 1996. Entry into force 13 December 1996. The notification was issued 15 November 1996. WT/LET/121. back to text
527. Now known as the Democratic Republic of Congo. Accepted 2 December 1996. Entry into force 1 January 1997. The notification was issued 5 December 1996. WT/LET/128. back to text
528. Accepted 25 February 1997. Entry into force 24 April 1997. The notification was issued 30 April 1997. WT/LET/139. back to text
529. Accepted 7 August 1997. Entry into force 6 September 1997. The notification was issued 2 October 1996. WT/LET/161. back to text
530. Accepted 14 October 1998. Entry into force 10 February 1999. The notifications were issued 11 November 1998 and 13 January 1999. WT/LET/246 and WT/LET/281. back to text
531. Accepted 20 November 1998. Entry into force 20 December 1998. The notifications were issued 11 and 25 November 1998. WT/LET/245 and WT/LET/262. back to text
532. Accepted 14 October 1999. Entry into force 13 November 1999. The notification was issued 18 October 1999. WT/LET/313. back to text
533. Accepted 12 March 2000. Entry into force 11 April 2000. The notifications were issued 12 January and 14 March 2000. WT/LET/323 and WT/LET/333. back to text
534. Accepted 15 May 2000. Entry into force 14 June 2000. The notification was issued 17 May 2000. WT/LET/341. back to text
535. Accepted 9 August 2000. Entry into force 8 September 2000. The notifications were issued 19 July and 11 August 2000. WT/LET/347 and WT/LET/353. back to text
536. Accepted 31 October 2000. Entry into force 30 November 2000. The notifications were issued 19 July and 31 October 2000. WT/LET/348 and WT/LET/359. back to text
537. Accepted 10 October 2000. Entry into force 9 November 2000. The notification was issued 10 October 2000. WT/LET/357 and WT/LET/369. back to text
538. Accepted 8 December 2000. Entry into force 31 May 2001. The notifications were issued 1 May 2000 and 31 May 2001. WT/LET/364 and WT/LET/393. back to text
539. Accepted 26 June 2001. Entry into force 26 July 2001. The notifications were issued 11 May 2001 and 28 June 2001. WT/LET/395 and WT/LET/399. back to text
540. Accepted 11 November 2001. Entry into force 11 December 2001. The notification was issued 11 November 2001. WT/L/408. back to text
541. Accepted 11 November 2001. Entry into force 1 January 2002. The notification was issued 12 November 2001. WT/L/409 and WT/LET/411. back to text
542. Accepted 10 December 2002. Entry into force 5 February 2003. The notification was issued on 19 December 2002. WT/LET/434 and WT/LET/436. back to text
543. Accepted 11 September 2003. Entry into force 13 October 2004. The notification was issued on 14 October 2003. WT/LET/450 and WT/LET/480. back to text
544. Accepted 15 October 2002. Entry into force 4 April 2003. The notification was issued on 21 October 2002. WT/LET/430 and WT/LET/439. back to text
545. Accepted 11 September 2003. Entry into force 23 April 2004. The notification was issued on 14 October 2003. WT/LET/449 and WT/LET/464. back to text
546. The following governments accepted the International Dairy Agreement prior to its deletion from Annex 4: Argentina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Chad, European Community, Finland, Hungary, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, Romania, Sweden, Switzerland and Uruguay. back to text
547. WT/L/251. back to text
548. The following governments accepted the International Bovine Meat Agreement prior to its deletion from Annex 4: Argentina, Australia, Austria, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Chad, Colombia, the European Community, Finland, Hungary, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, Paraguay, Romania, South Africa, Sweden, Switzerland, Tunisia, the United States and Uruguay. back to text
549. WT/L/252. back to text
550. There are 30 Signatories to the Agreement to date (31 December 2004): Bulgaria, Canada, the European Communities, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom, Egypt, Estonia, Georgia, Japan, Latvia, Lithuania, Macau, Malta, Norway, Romania, Switzerland, Chinese Taipei and the United States. Those WTO Members with observer status in the Committee are: Argentina, Australia, Bangladesh, Brazil, Cameroon, China, Colombia, the Czech Republic, Finland, Gabon, Ghana, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Israel, the Republic of Korea, Mauritius, Nigeria, Oman, Poland, Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, the Slovak Republic, Sri Lanka, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia and Turkey. In addition, the IMF and UNCTAD are also observers. back to text
551. As at 31 December 2004, the following governments had accepted the Agreement on Government Procurement: Canada, European Communities (including its 25 member States: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxemburg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom), Hong Kong China, Iceland, Israel, Japan, Korea, Liechtenstein, Netherlands with respect to Aruba, Norway, Singapore, Switzerland and the United States. back to text
552. This issue is related to that of “legitimate expectation”. See Section III.B(c)(xii) of the Chapter on the DSU. back to text
553. Appellate Body Report on Japan — Alcoholic Beverages II, p. 14. In India — Patents (US), the Appellate Body acknowledged the first of the paragraphs cited above, see Appellate Body Report on India — Patents (US), para. 35. back to text
554. Appellate Body Report on EC — Poultry, para. 80. back to text
555. Panel Report on Brazil — Desiccated Coconut, para. 256. back to text
556. The Appellate Body quoted the Panel Report on Australia — Ammonium Sulphate. back to text
557. (footnote original) As the Panel observed in paragraph 6.26 of the Panel Report, we note that the working party report in Transposition of Schedule XXXVII — Turkey, BISD 3S/127, stated in paragraph 4:
        “The obligations of contracting parties are established by the rates of duty appearing in the schedules and any change in the rate such as a change from a specific to an ad valorem duty could in some circumstances adversely affect the value of the concessions to other contracting parties. Consequently, any conversion of specific into ad valorem rates of duty can be made only under some procedure for the modification of concessions.”
        This working party report, which examined a proposal by Turkey to change into ad valorem duties the specific duties provided for in its Schedule, did not address whether or not such a modification would be inconsistent with Article II of the GATT 1947. back to text
558. (footnote original) We note that the Panel Report on EEC — Newsprint, stated in paragraph 50:
        … under long-standing GATT practice, even purely formal changes in the tariff schedule of a contracting party, which may not affect the GATT rights of other countries, such as the conversion of a specific to an ad valorem duty without an increase in the protective effect of the tariff rate in question, have been considered to require renegotiations.
        It should be noted that the issue before the Panel on Newsprint was not whether a change in the type of customs duty applied by a contracting party from a specific duty to an ad valorem duty was consistent with Article II of the GATT 1947, but whether a reduction in a tariff-rate quota from 1.5 million tonnes to 0.5 million tonnes was consistent with Article II of the GATT 1947. For this reason, we consider the above statement to be obiter. back to text
559. (footnote original) Appellate Body Report on Japan — Alcoholic Beverages II, pp. 14–15. back to text
560. Appellate Body Report on Argentina — Textiles and Apparel, para. 43. back to text
561. Appellate Body Report on US — FSC, para. 115. back to text
562. Panel Report on US — FSC, para. 7.77. back to text
563. Appellate Body Report on Japan — Alcoholic Beverages II, p. 14. back to text
564. (footnote original) It is worth noting that the Statute of the International Court of Justice has an explicit provision, Article 59, to the same effect. This has not inhibited the development by that Court (and its predecessor) of a body of case law in which considerable reliance on the value of previous decisions is readily discernible. back to text
565. Appellate Body Report on Japan — Alcoholic Beverages II, pp. 14–15. See also Panel Report on US — Wool Shirts and Blouses, para. 7.15. back to text
566. Appellate Body Report on Canada — Periodicals, fn. 28. back to text
567. Panel Report on US — FSC, para. 7.78. back to text
568. Appellate Body Report on US — 1916 Act, paras. 134–135. back to text
569. Panel Report on US — 1916 Act (Japan), paras. 6.287; as regards the Anti-Dumping Agreement see also: Panel Report on US — Offset Act (Byrd Amendment), para. 7.93 as confirmed by the respective Appellate Body Report at para. 302. back to text
570. Panel Report on US — Section 301 Trade Act, paras. 7.41–7.42. back to text
571. Appellate Body Report on U.S. — Hot-Rolled Steel from Japan, paras. back to text
572. Panel Report on US — Countervailing Measures on Certain EC Products, para. 7.157. back to text
573. Appellate Body Report on US — Countervailing Measures on Certain EC Products, para. 161. back to text
574. Appellate Body Report on US — Countervailing Measures on Certain EC Products, paras. 157–158. back to text
575. Panel Report on US — Offset Act (“Byrd Amendment”) paras. 300–302. back to text
576. Registration Number 31874. back to text
577. Article 102 of the United Nations Charter provides:
         “1.     Every treaty and every international agreement entered into by any Member of the United Nations after the present Charter comes into effect shall as soon as possible be registered by the Secretariat and published by it.
         2.       No party to any such treaty or international agreement which has not been registered in accordance with the provisions of paragraph 1 of this Article may invoke that treaty or agreement before any organ of the United Nations.” back to text
578. Appellate Body Report on Argentina — Textiles and Apparel, para. 70. back to text
579. Appellate Body Report on Argentina — Textiles and Apparel, para. 70. back to text
580. WT/MIN(01)/DEC/1. back to text
581. WT/MIN(01)/DEC/1, paras. 42–43. back to text
582. At the time of writing, the General Council had agreed on 15 February 2005 to establish a working party in relation to the accession of Montenegro and a separate working party in relation to the accession of Serbia — WT/GC/M/92. back to text
583. WT/MIN(01)/DEC/1. back to text
584. WT/MIN(01)/17. back to text
585. G/SCM/39. back to text
586. WT/MIN(01)/15. back to text
587. WT/MIN(01)/16. back to text
588. WT/L/579. back to text
589. Panel Report on EC — Bananas III, paras. 7.157–7.163. back to text
590. (footnote original) In this context we note that the WTO Agreement contains a specific rule on conflicts which is however limited to conflicts between a specific provision of GATT 1994 and a provision of another agreement of Annex 1A. We do not consider this interpretative note in this section of the report because we are dealing with Indonesia’s argument that there is a general conflict between Article III and the SCM Agreement, while the note is concerned with specific conflicts between a provision of GATT 1994 and a specific provision of another agreement of Annex 1A. back to text
591. Panel Report on Indonesia — Autos, para. 14.28. See also Panel Report on Turkey — Textiles, paras. 9.92–9.95. back to text