|
B
balance of payments difficulties,
developing countries’ right to take import measures (GATT XVIII:B)
adequacy to forestall the threat of or stop a
serious decline in monetary reserves (GATT XVIII:9(a)) GATT 764–5
GATT practice GATT 767
IMF information as evidence of GATT 763
quantitative vs price-based measures GATT 766
burden of proof GATT 760–1
prima facie case GATT 761
change in development policy, exclusion of
requirement for (GATT XVIII:9)
burden of proof GATT 760
macroeconomic policy instruments and structural
measures distinguished GATT 775
competence of panel to examine justification GATT
755–9, 776
DSU, applicability to disputes relating to DSU 10
GATT XVIII:2 GATT 754
GATT practice GATT 794
GATT XVIII:C, examples of invocation GATT 778
justification (GATT XVIII:9)
Ad Note GATT XVIII:11 and GATT 770–4
critical date for evaluation by panel GATT 763
phase-out, right to in absence of balance of
payments difficulties (GATT XVIII:12(c)) GATT
759, 777, 782
price-based measures for balance of payments
purposes as exception under GATT II:1(b) (Understanding on GATT BoP
provisions) GATT 172, 791
progressive relaxation obligation (GATT XVIII:11),
General Council/BOB Committee role (GATT XVIII:12(c)) GATT 758–9
progressive relaxation obligation (GATT XVIII:11),
Ad Note (removal of restrictions and recurrence of one of GATT XVIII:9
conditions) GATT 770–4
burden of proof GATT 768–9
causal relationship (“would produce”) GATT 773
“gradual relaxation” GATT 771
temporal sequence (“thereupon produce”) GATT
773–4
threat of return, sufficiency GATT 771
right (GATT XVIII:2) GATT 754
special or additional rules and procedures (DSU
1.2 and Appendix 2) and DSU 10
Balance of Payments Restrictions Committee (WTO
IV:7) (BOPs Committee)
adoption of notification format (BOP
Understanding, para. 9) GATT 785
annual reports WTO 125
consultations, coordination with TPRM reviews (TPRM
E) TPRM 26
establishment WTO
99, 123, GATT 783
GATT 1947 activities WTO 126
observer status GATT 786
reporting procedures GATT 790
rules of procedure (1995) WTO
74, 124, GATT 785
terms of reference WTO
123, GATT 784
balance of payments restrictions (GATT XII)
developing countries’ right to take measures
(GATT XVIII) distinguished GATT 653,
754
as exception to GATT obligations GATT 649
GATT practice GATT 654
government assistance (GATT XVII) distinguished
2754 n. 1029
“restrictions made effective through
state-trading organizations” (Ad Articles XI, XI, XIII, XIV and
XVIII) GATT 650
State trading enterprises (STEs) (GATT XVII) and
GATT 650
balance of payments, safeguard restrictions (GATS
XII)
competence, Ministerial Conference (GATS XII:5(b) and XII:6)
WTO 64
notification format (GATS XII:4) GATS 71
Balance of Payments Understanding (BOP)
DSU, applicability (BOB Understanding footnote 1)
GATT 755–9
invocation/disinvocation of GATT XII and XVIII:B
GATT 780
notification format (para. 9) GATT 787
preparatory work, absence of GATT 755
price-based measures for balance of payments
purposes as exception under GATT II:1(b) GATT
172, 791
QRs, elimination (GATT XI) and GATT 597
QRs, non-discriminatory administration (GATT
XIII:2(b)) and GATT 669
status in relation to GATT XII and XVIII:B GATT
493, 779, DSU 10
time-schedule (paras. 1 and 13) GATT
759, 782, 788–9
Bananas, Decision on Transitional Regime for the
EC Autonomous Tariff Rate Quotas on Imports of (Doha)
WTO 56, 67
benefit:
see subsidy, definition
(SCM
1.1(b)) (conferral of benefit)
Berne Convention/TRIPS
applicability to WTO members (TRIPS 9) TRIPS 85–6
broadcasting (Berne 11bis)
compulsory licence, right to substitute (Berne 11bis(2))
TRIPS 98
TRIPS 13 distinguished TRIPS 111
Members’ obligations and rights holders’
exercise/exploitation of rights distinguished TRIPS 97
nature and scope of protection TRIPS 96
as specific application of Berne 11 rule TRIPS 95
control of circulation, presentation or exhibition
(Berne 17) TRIPS 103–4
special agreements (Berne 20)/TRIPS 2.2,
possibility of inconsistency with TRIPS 105
enforcement of intellectual property rights (TRIPS
Part III), applicability in absence of Berne protection TRIPS 221
English and French texts compared TRIPS 103 n.
105, 103 n. 106, 103 n. 107
interpretation, role of WIPO International Bureau
TRIPS 103 n. 104
minor exceptions doctrine
agreement on as “agreement … made in
connection with the conclusion of the treaty” (VCLT 31(2)(a)) TRIPS
101
Berne Convention acquis/context for
interpreting (VCLT 31(2)) TRIPS 100–1,
DSU 1560–1
incorporation into TRIPS TRIPS 101
lex specialis/presumption against treaty
conflicts and TRIPS 88
order of analysis TRIPS 100–1
public performance (Berne 11) TRIPS 92–5
general nature of Berne 11 TRIPS 95
Members’ obligations and rights holders’
exercise/exploitation of rights distinguished TRIPS 94
scope TRIPS 92
types of communication TRIPS 93
relationship (TRIPS 9)
incorporation, effect TRIPS 85–6,
201
text of incorporated provisions TRIPS 320 (Section
LXX following)
lex specialis/presumption against treaty
conflicts TRIPS 85–9
limitations and exceptions (TRIPS 13),
applicability to Berne 11/ 11bis TRIPS 110–12
successive treaties relating to the same subject
matter (VCLT 30) and TRIPS 101
rights guaranteed/protected “works” (Berne
5(1)) TRIPS 90–1
synchronization of Berne/TRIPS renewable periods
(Berne Appendix I(2)) TRIPS 106
BFA Committee:
see Budget, Finance and
Administration Committee (WTO IV:7) (BFA Committee)
bilateral agreements, status
DSU 419
EC–Korea Agreed Minutes DSU 7
Oilseeds Agreement (EC–Brazil) WTO
276, GATT 10, 671,
DSU 6
border measures, special measures related to
enforcement of (TRIPS Part III Section 4)
see also market access, measures required to
be converted into ordinary customs duties (AG 4.2 and footnote 1);
national treatment, general principle (GATT III:1), applicability,
measures imposed at the time or point of importation (“internal
measures” ) (Ad Article)
border measures, special measures related to
enforcement of (TRIPS Part III Section 4), destruction or disposal of
infringing goods (TRIPS 59), “principles set out in Article 46”, “principles”
TRIPS 247
destruction or disposal of infringing goods (TRIPS
59) TRIPS 236–62
destruction or disposal of infringing goods (TRIPS
59),
“infringing goods” TRIPS 236–8
“disposal”, ambiguity TRIPS 245
English, French and Spanish texts compared TRIPS
245
“exceptional circumstances” TRIPS 262
initiation of procedures as responsibility of
rights holder TRIPS 244
“other infringing goods” (TRIPS 51) TRIPS 237–8
“principles set out in Article 46” TRIPS 246–62
alternative disposal methods as such preventing
compliance with principles TRIPS 252
as alternative to duplicating text of TRIPS 46
TRIPS 247
alternatives to destruction TRIPS 253
“avoid harm” TRIPS 251
common objective TRIPS 248
disposal by auction, whether mandatory TRIPS 253–5,
257
link to “authority” TRIPS 246
list of TRIPS 248
“outside the channels of commerce” TRIPS 250
“principles” TRIPS 247
responsibility for disposal by non-government
bodies TRIPS 250
result vs purpose TRIPS 250
risks of reinfringement TRIPS 259–60,
262
“simple” TRIPS
258, 260–1
simple removal of trademark TRIPS 256–62
TRIPS 46 as lex specialis TRIPS 249
“shall have the authority” TRIPS 239–44
conditional, whether TRIPS 243
discretionary nature TRIPS
241, 244, 257
duration of authority TRIPS 239
risk of WTO-inconsistent measures TRIPS 242
to order remedies other than TRIPS 59 measures
TRIPS 241–2
TRIPS 46 compared GATS 241
suspension of release (TRIPS 51) TRIPS 234–5
“other infringing goods” TRIPS 237–8
“provisions set out below” TRIPS 234
scope TRIPS 235
Border Tax Adjustment Working Party Report,
“like product” (GATT III:2 and III:4), criteria GATT
241, 260, 343
Brazil, ATC safeguard measures (ATC 6), TMB
discussion ATC 81
Brazil — Aircraf dispute (WT/DS46)
implementation of DSB recommendations and rulings
(DSU 21), ad hoc procedural agreements, establishment of
panel DSU 1170, 1176
relationships within and between agreements, AIR
6/SCM AIR 23
SCM and AIR 23
Brazil — Aircraft (AB), WT/DS46/AB/R, DSR
1999:III
business confidential information (BCI),
additional procedures, AB (ABWP 16(1)) DSU
919, 1379
confidentiality of proceedings (DSU 14/DSU 17.10/DSU
18.2/WP 3)
“proceedings” (DSU 17.10) DSU 886
“submissions” and statements of own position
distinguished DSU 887
consultations (DSU 4)
consultations (SCM 4.1–4) compared DSU
140, 142
identity of specific measures in the consultations
and the request for establishment of a panel, relevance DSU 142
consultations (SCM 4.1–4)
consultations (DSU 4) compared DSU
140, 142
object and purpose, clarification and development
of the facts of the situation/mutually agreed solution (SCM 4.3)
SCM 202, DSU 142
developing countries (SCM 27)
phase out/standstill obligation (SCM 27.4)
burden of proof SCM 155–6,
553–4
“grant” (SCM 27.4 footnote 55) SCM
176, 543
inflation, relevance SCM 545
SCM 25, relevance SCM 524
identification of specific measures (DSU 6.2),
identity with specific measure the subject of consultations, relevance
SCM 202, DSU 142
Illustrative List of Export Subsidies (SCM Annex
I)
export credits at rates below actual cost of funds
so employed (item (k))
“benefit” (SCM 1.1(b)) and SCM
95, 631
burden of proof SCM 627
Commercial Interest Reference Rate (CIRR),
relevance SCM 632
international undertaking on official export
credits (item (k), second paragraph)
(“safe haven”), “in the field of export
credit terms” SCM 638
“used to secure a material advantage” SCM 627,
630, 631 “material” SCM 631
interpretation of covered agreements, rules
relating to including VCLT provisions
dictionaries DSU 886
different language in same agreement SCM 631
“measures at issue” (DSU 6.2), amended
measures, amendment before establishment of panel DSU 395
notification obligations (SCM 25), transparency
and SCM 518
ordinary meaning of terms used in covered
agreements
“advantage” (SCM Illustrative List item (k))
SCM 631
“proceedings” (DSU 17.10) DSU 886
“reasonable period” for implementation of
recommendations and rulings (Article 21.3(c) arbitrations), withdrawal
of prohibited subsidies (SCM 4.7), applicability to
DSU 1091
relationships within and between agreements
DSU 4 and 6/SCM 4 DSU
140, 142
SCM 1.1(b)/SCM Annex I item (k) SCM 95
SCM 3.1/SCM 27.4 SCM 155–6
SCM 3.2/SCM 27.4 SCM 176
SCM 25/SCM 27.4 SCM 524
special or additional rules and procedures (DSU
1.2 and Appendix 2), arrangements considered for
classification as, SCM 4.2–4.12 DSU 18
subsidy, definition (SCM 1.1(a)(1)) (financial
contribution), conferral of benefit (SCM 1.1(b)) as parallel
requirement SCM 9
subsidy, definition (SCM 1.1(b)) (conferral of
benefit), SCM Illustrative List, Item (k) and SCM 95
“withdrawal of subsidy without delay” (SCM
4.7), time–limits, DSU 21.3 provisions, relevance DSU 875 n.
1390, 1091
Brazil — Aircraft (Panel), WT/DS46/R, DSR
1999:III
business confidential information (BCI),
additional procedures, panel (DSU 12.1) DSU
687, 919
consultations (DSU 4)
as prerequites DSU 206
panel’s obligation to examine absence DSU 206
consultations (SCM 4.1–4), object and purpose,
clarification and development of the facts of the situation/mutually
agreed solution (SCM 4.3) SCM 202,
DSU 142
developing countries (SCM 27)
phase out/standstill obligation (SCM 27.4)
benchmark period (SCM 27.4 footnote 55) SCM 546
burden of proof SCM
154, 553–4
constant or nominal values as determining factor
SCM 545
“grant” (SCM 27.4 footnote 55) SCM 542
actual expenditure, limitation to SCM 547–8
“inconsistent with its development needs”,
responsibility for determining SCM 550–2
“prohibited” subsidy status (SCM 3.1(a)) and
SCM 154, 527
SCM 27.2(b) and SCM
154, 527–8,
532
“shall phase out” SCM 539–41
identification of specific measures (DSU 6.2),
identity with specific measure the subject of consultations, relevance
SCM 202, DSU 206
Illustrative List of Export Subsidies (SCM Annex
I)
export credits at rates below actual cost of funds
so employed (item (k))
“benefit” (SCM 1.1(b)) and SCM 631
“used to secure a material advantage” SCM 630
offset of advantage, sufficiency to prohibit
measure (items (e)-(i)) SCM 603
“provision … through government-mandated
schemes … on terms more favourable …” (item (d)) SCM 602
“safe haven” (international undertaking (item
(k), second paragraph)), “in the field of export credit
terms” SCM 638
interpretation of covered agreements, rules
relating to including VCLT provisions
same or closely related phrases in same agreement,
SCM 3.2/SCM 27.4 SCM 174
as a whole/holistic/harmonious exercise SCM 527
lex specialis/presumption against treaty conflicts
SCM 527
ordinary meaning of terms used in covered
agreements
“field of export credit terms” (SCM
Illustrative List item (k)) SCM 638
“in the field of export credit terms”
(Illustrative List of Export Subsidies (SCM Annex I)) SCM 638
“level of subsidies” (SCM 27.4/footnote 55)
SCM 547
“subject to compliance with the provisions” (SCM
27.2) SCM 527
relationships within and between agreements
SCM 3.1/SCM 27.2(b) SCM
154, 527–8
SCM 3.1/SCM 27.4 SCM
154, 527–8
SCM 3.2/SCM 27.4 SCM 174
SCM 27.2(b)/SCM 27.3 SCM 532
request for establishment of panel, requirements (DSU
6.2), compliance, importance of, scrutiny by panel DSU 206
request for establishment of panel, requirements (SCM
4.4), failure to reach mutually agreed solution through
consultations DSU 206
SCM Agreement, object and purpose (SCM 1),
multilateral disciplines on subsidies distorting international
trade SCM 1, 548
special or additional rules and procedures (DSU
1.2 and Appendix 2), arrangements considered for classification as,
SCM 4.2 (consultations) SCM 211
special and differential treatment (SCM 27/SCM 29)
SCM 575
subsidy, definition (SCM 1.1(a)(1)) (financial
contribution)
potential direct transfer of funds (SCM 1.1(a)(1))
SCM 28–9
timing of transfer, relevance SCM 29
transformation into a market economy (SCM 29),
special and differential treatment (SCM 27) and SCM 575
“withdrawal of subsidy without delay” (SCM
4.7), “without delay”, DSU 21.3 and SCM
211, 217, DSU 875 n. 1390
Brazil — Aircraft (Article 21.5 — Canada)
(AB), WT/DS46/AB/RW, DSR 2000:VIII and DSR 2000:IX
burden of proof (general rules), onus probandi
actori incumbit SCM 653
competence of panels and AB (DSU 3.2/DSU 11/DSU
17), “may uphold, modify or reverse” legal findings (DSU
17.13), “moot” / “of no legal effect” finding DSU
893
domestic law, as justification for failure to
fulfil international obligations, exclusion (VCLT 27) DSU 1517
Illustrative List of Export Subsidies (SCM Annex
I)
export credits at rates below actual cost of funds
so employed (item (k))
as affirmative defence under SCM 3.1(a) SCM 653
burden of proof SCM 653
Commercial Interest Reference Rate (CIRR),
relevance SCM 633
“used to secure a material advantage” SCM
627,
631
legal status of panel reports, “moot” / “of
no legal effect” finding DSU 892
relationships within and between agreements, SCM
3.1(a)/SCM Illustrative List, item (k) SCM 627
transformation into a market economy (SCM 29),
special and differential treatment (SCM 27) and SCM 576
“withdrawal of subsidy without delay” (SCM
4.7)
continuation of payments SCM 206–7,
241
“without delay”, private action and SCM
213,
241
Brazil — Aircraft (Article 21.5 — Canada)
(Panel), WT/DS46/RW, DSR 2000:VIII and DSR 2000:IX
composition of delegation, Member’s right to
determine DSU 727, 915
confidentiality of proceedings (DSU 14/DSU 17.10/DSU
18.2/WP 3), obligation to respect/ensure respect
for DSU 915–16
developing countries (WTO Preamble), “positive
efforts” WTO 4
domestic law, as justification for failure to
fulfil international obligations, exclusion (VCLT 27) DSU 1516
Illustrative List of Export Subsidies (SCM Annex
I), export credits at rates below actual cost of funds so employed (item
(k)), “export credit” SCM 628
implementation of DSB recommendations and rulings
(DSU 21), surveillance mechanisms DSU 985
implementation of panel or AB recommendations (DSU
19.1), mechanisms, absence DSU 985
ordinary meaning of terms used in covered
agreements
“credits” (SCM Illustrative List item (k)) SCM
628
“export credit” (Illustrative List of Export
Subsidies (SCM Annex I), item (k)) SCM 628
special and differential treatment (SCM 27/SCM 29)
SCM 576
“withdrawal of subsidy without delay” (SCM
4.7), repayment of past subsidy/retroactive effect SCM 210
WTO Agreement, preamble WTO 4
Brazil — Aircraft (Article 21.5 — Canada II)
(Panel), WT/DS46/RW/2, DSR 2001:X
confidentiality of proceedings (DSU 14/DSU 17.10/DSU
18.2/WP 3/ABWP 27)
“deliberations” (DSU 14.1) DSU 769
private counsel/advisers not part of delegation
and DSU 915–16
identification of specific measures (DSU 6.2),
omission of measure, exclusion from terms of reference (DSU 7) DSU 375
Illustrative List of Export Subsidies (SCM Annex
I)
export credits at rates below actual cost of funds
so employed (item (k))
as affirmative defence under SCM 3.1(a) SCM 636
burden of proof SCM
655, 656
Commercial Interest Reference Rate (CIRR),
relevance SCM 634–5
“export credit practice” SCM 644–5
relationship with SCM 3.1(a), determination by
footnote 5 SCM 632
“safe haven” (international undertaking (item
(k), second paragraph))
as affirmative defence under SCM 3.1(a) SCM 656
“interest rates provisions” SCM 648–9
legislation as such (mandatory/discretionary
distinction) SCM 662
matching derogation, permissibility SCM 660
OECD Arrangement SCM 648–9
“successor undertaking” SCM 640–1
interpretation of covered agreements, rules
relating to including VCLT provisions, effectiveness principle (ut res magis valeat quam
pereat/effet utile) SCM 646
legislation as such, right to challenge (WTO
XVI:4), mandatory/ discretionary legislation, distinguishability,
affirmative defence (SCM Illustrative List item (k)) and SCM
662
ordinary meaning of terms used in covered
agreements
“interest rate support” (Illustrative List of
Export Subsidies (SCM Annex I), item (k)) SCM 649
“interest rate support” (SCM Illustrative List
item (K)) SCM 648
“successor undertaking” (SCM Illustrative List
item (k)) SCM 641
relationships within and between agreements, SCM
3.2/SCM 27.4 SCM 177
subsidy, definition (SCM 1.1(b)) (conferral of
benefit)
burden of proof SCM 61
“recipient of a benefit” SCM 63–5
subsidy programmes as such, right to challenge
(mandatory/ discretionary distinction) SCM 662
assessment of mandatory nature DSU 293 n. 466
Brazil — Aircraft (Article 22.6 —
Brazil),
WT/DS46/ARB, DSR 2002:I
arbitration (DSU 22.6)
burden of proof, SCM 4.11 and DSU 585
multiple complainants DSU 1282
scope of review/arbitrators’ mandate/task (DSU
22.7)
ad hoc procedural agreements for implementation of
DSB recommendations and rulings DSU 1176
determination of appropriateness of countermeasure
(SCM 4.11) SCM 244, DSU
1260, 1292
determination of “equivalence” (DSU 22.3),
methodology paper, request for DSU 1244
scope of review/arbitrators’ mandate/task (SCM
4.11), burden of proof, allocation SCM 248
“specific”, specific level of suspension (DSU
22.4) DSU 1267
third party rights DSU
509, 510 n. 833
burden of proof (general rules)
Article 22.6 arbitrations DSU 585
allocation by arbitrator SCM 248
Article 22.6 arbitrations under SCM 4.11 DSU 585
onus probandi actori incumbit SCM
248, DSU 585
prima facie case requirement SCM 248
countermeasures in case of failure to comply with
panel or AB report within specified time-period (SCM 4.10)
“appropriate” SCM
176, 221, 225–6,
DSU 1288
arbitration (DSU 22.6) and (SCM 4.11) SCM
244, DSU 1260, 1292
footnote 10 and SCM 236
proportionality (footnote 9) SCM 236
arbitration (DSU 22.6) and (SCM 4.11)
burden of proof DSU 585
as special or additional rules and procedures SCM
246–7, 253,
DSU 22, 1241
task of arbitrator SCM
244, DSU 1260, 1292
burden of proof, obligation of other party to
present evidence SCM 248
calculation of countermeasure, possible
bases/relevant factors
adverse trade effects SCM 233
amount of subsidy SCM 233
burden of proof SCM
240, 248
products not in competition SCM 240
suspension of concessions (DSU 22.4) distinguished
SCM 221 n. 343, 233, 234,
253
“countermeasure” SCM
221, DSU 1286, 1694
inducement of compliance as objective SCM
221, 224, 225,
DSU 1286, 1288
State responsibility and SCM
221, DSU 1286, 1674
n. 2617, 1694
countermeasures (general principles)
definition SCM
221, DSU 1286, 1694
proportionality SCM 236
domestic law, as justification for failure to
fulfil international obligations, exclusion (VCLT 27) SCM
241, DSU 1518
evidence, evaluation
good faith and SCM 250
private parties/subjects of international law
distinguished SCM 250
good faith (including pacta sunt servanda
principle (VCLT 26)), evidence submitted by government SCM 250
ILC Articles, status as “rule” of
international law DSU 1588
implementation of DSB recommendations and rulings
(DSU 21), Article 22.6 panel’s right of review DSU 1176
international law / “relevant rules of
international law” (VCLT 31 (3)(c)) with particular reference to the
interpretation of covered agreements (DSU 3(2)) DSU 1588
interpretation of covered agreements, rules
relating to including VCLT provisions
dictionaries SCM
221, DSU 1286, 1694
cautious approach to SCM 224
effectiveness principle (ut res magis valeat quam
pereat/effet utile) SCM 221 n. 343
meaning to be attributed to every word and phrase
SCM 246, DSU 1279, 1282
footnotes to treaty as aid/integral part of treaty
SCM 237
ILC draft articles SCM
221, DSU 1286
State practice SCM 221
text/plain language (VCLT 31(2)) SCM 236
multiple complainants (DSU 9), Article 22.6
arbitration and DSU 1282
nullification or impairment (DSU 3.8)
inconsistency with covered agreement as prima
facie evidence of, rebuttal SCM 225
SCM 3 and 4 (prohibited subsidies) distinguished
SCM 225, 234, DSU 1281–3
SCM 5 (adverse effects) SCM
225, 234–5
SCM 7.9 and 10 (commensurate with degree and
nature of adverse effects) distinguished SCM 235
ordinary meaning of terms used in covered
agreements, “appropriate” (SCM 4.10) SCM 224
preparatory work (VCLT 32), SCM 4 SCM 236
relationships within and between agreements
DSU 3.8/SCM 3 and 4 SCM
234, DSU 1281–3
DSU 22.4/SCM 3 and 4 DSU 1281
SCM 4.9 and 10/SCM 7.9 and 10 SCM 235
review of implementation of DSB rulings (DSU
21.5), ad hoc procedural agreements, panel’s scope of review
DSU 1176
“sequencing” (interrelationship between
Article 21.5 and Article 22.6 arbitration, ad hoc procedural agreements)
DSU
1176
arbitrators’ role in relation to DSU 1157
arbitrators’ scope of review DSU 1176
recourse to Article 22.6 before completion of
Article 21.5 proceedings as breach DSU 1176
special or additional rules and procedures (DSU
1.2 and Appendix 2)
arrangements considered for classification as
SCM 4.10 DSU 22
SCM 4.11 SCM 246–7,
253, DSU
22, 1241, 1279,
1282
“shall prevail” in case of a difference with
DSU DSU 22
State responsibility as rule/general principle of
international law (ILC Articles) DSU 1588
countermeasures SCM
221, DSU 1674 n. 2617, 1694
suspension of concessions for non-implementation
of DSB recommendations and rulings (DSU 22)
agreement to DSU 1267
level equivalent to nullification or impairment (DSU
22.4)
“appropriate” (SCM 4.10) distinguished SCM
233, 234, 253,
DSU 233, 1241,
1260
SCM 3 and 4 (prohibited subsidies) distinguished
SCM 234, 253, DSU
1241, 1281
“or other obligations”, authorization to
suspend (DSU 22.2) DSU 1191
termination of treaty for breach (VCLT 60), rights
created prior to and (VCLT 70) DSU 1176,
1218, 1673
third party rights (Article 22.6 arbitrations) DSU
509, 510 n. 833
Brazil — Desiccated Coconut (AB), WT/DS22/AB/R,
DSR 1999:IV
anti-dumping and countervailing duties (GATT VI), non-retroactivity of treaties (VCLT 28)
GATT 451
anti-dumping and countervailing duties (GATT VI)
including interrelationship with AD Agreement
countervailing duties, compliance with both GATT
VI:3 and SCM GATT 468
violation of GATT VI, sufficiency for finding of
violation of AD 2.1 and 2.2 GATT 451
consultation and dispute settlement (AD 17), “matter”,
referral to DSB (AD 17.4), “matter” AD 898
countervailing duties (SCM Part V), compliance
with GATT VI:3 and SCM Agreement (SCM 10) GATT
451, 468, SCM
357, 691–2
DSU, as integral part of WTU Agreement WTO 18
DSU, applicability, covered agreements (DSU 1.1/DSU
7.2) DSU 1 due process (dispute settlement proceedings),
opportunity to respond to evidence/presentations of other parties DSU 360
GATT 1947/WTO continuity, GATT 1994 as distinct
agreement (WTO II:4) WTO 27
interpretation of covered agreements, rules
relating to including VCLT provisions, transitional decisions taken by signatories of Tokyo SCM Code
SCM 591
investigations and reviews of existing [SCM]
measures initiated … on or after date of entry into force of WTO
Agreement (SCM 32.3)
procedural aspects of investigations, limitation
to SCM 594
retroactivity GATT
451, SCM 590–1
“this agreement” SCM 592–3
transitional decisions of Tokyo Round Subsidies
and Countervailing Measures Committee, relevance SCM
591
lex specialis/presumption against treaty conflicts
SCM 690–2
MFN treatment (GATT I:1), anti-dumping and
countervailing duties (GATT VI) and GATT
96, 488
non-retroactivity of treaties (VCLT 28)
in absence of different intention DSU 1521
as general principle of international law DSU 1521
pre-existing rights, countervailing duties (SCM
32.3) GATT 451, SCM 590–1
non-retroactivity of treaties (VCLT 28) and GATT
451
ordinary meaning of terms used in covered
agreements, “provisions of this agreement” (SCM 32.3) GATT 451
relationships within and between agreements
AD 18.3/SCM 32.3 GATT 451 n.
647, AD 965
GATT I/GATT VI GATT
96, 110
GATT VI/SCM GATT 496–7,
SCM 690–2
SCM 10 and 32.1/SCM 32.3 SCM 592
request for establishment of panel, requirements (DSU
6.2), compliance, importance of, subsequent cure of
defect, exclusion DSU 1145 n. 1789
Schedules of Concessions (GATT II), inconsistency
with GATT VI and GATT 489
SCM Code (Tokyo Round)
subsequent agreement for purpose of interpretation
of GATT VI, whether
subsequent practice for purpose of interpretation
of GATT VI, whether
special or additional rules and procedures (DSU
1.2 and Appendix 2), “shall prevail” in case of a
difference with DSU DSU 22 n. 25
terms of reference of panels (DSU 7)
as definition of jurisdiction/legal claims at
issue DSU 360
due process and, opportunity to respond to
evidence/presentations of other parties DSU 360
“matter referred to the DSB” (DSU 7.1) DSU 371
WTO Agreement
objectives, “integrated multilateral trading
system” WTO 12, SCM 690–2
preamble WTO 2
as single undertaking (WTO II:2) WTO 18
Brazil — Desiccated Coconut
(Panel), WT/DS22/R,
DSR 1999:IV
anti-dumping and countervailing duties (GATT VI)
including interrelationship with AD Agreement, separability
of AD and GATT VI GATT 493
consultations (DSU 4)
as prerequites DSU 205
panel’s obligation to examine absence DSU 205
as unconditional obligation (DSU 4.2) DSU 137
consultations (SCM 4.1–4), “without prejudice”
nature of obligation (DSU 4.6) DSU 137
countervailing duties (AG 13 footnote 4) AG 138
countervailing duties (SCM Part V)
compliance with GATT VI:3 and SCM Agreement (SCM
10) SCM 691–2
measures to which GATT VI not applicable SCM 481
continuing collection of duties imposed prior to
entry into force of WTO Agreement, SCM 32.3 and SCM 595
review of need for continued imposition (SCM 21.2)
SCM 481
due restraint (AG 13) (“peace clause”),
domestic support measures conforming with AG 6 (AG 13(b)), countervailing
duties (AG 13 footnote 4) AG 138
GATT 1947, continuing relevance under WTO, GATT
1947/WTO continuity, decisions, procedures and customary practices (WTO XVI:1)
GATT 1947/WTO continuity
decisions, procedures and customary practices
under GATT 1947 (WTO XVI:1)
“decisions” (WTO XVI:1/GATT 1(b)(iv)),
classification as, SCM Code WTO 277
interpretation of covered agreements, rules
relating to including VCLT provisions
“any subsequent agreement … regarding its
interpretation or application” (VCLT 31(3)(a)) DSU 1575
“any subsequent practice … which establishes
the agreement of the parties regarding its interpretation” (VCLT
31(3)(b))
investigations and reviews of existing [SCM]
measures initiated … on or after date of entry into force of WTO
Agreement (SCM 32.3), “existing measures” SCM 595
lex specialis/presumption against treaty conflicts
General Interpretative Note (WTO Annex 1A) GATT
495–6, SCM
583, DSU 1714–15
precedence/hierarchy in case of conflict SCM 690–2
MFN treatment (GATT I:1), anti-dumping and
countervailing duties (GATT VI) and GATT
96, 488
ordinary meaning of terms used in covered
agreements, “in accordance with the provisions” (SCM 32.1) SCM
583
relationships within and between agreements
GATT I/GATT VI GATT
96, 110
GATT VI/SCM GATT
495, SCM 583, 690
Schedules of Concessions (GATT II), inconsistency
with GATT VI and GATT 489
SCM Agreement, preparatory work (VCLT 32), SCM
Code (Tokyo Round) WTO 277
specific action against dumping (AD 18.1) or
subsidy (SCM 32.1) in accordance with GATT VI as interpreted by AD/SCM Agreement, “except in accordance with the
provisions” SCM 583
terms of reference of panels (DSU 7), special
terms of reference (DSU 7.3) DSU 425
WTO Agreement, objectives, integrated multilateral
trading system SCM 690–2
Brazil — Retreaded Tyres (AB), WT/DS332/AB/R
arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination, GATT XX
measure as (GATT XX chapeau)
capricious or unpredictable reasons and GATT
870,
872
cause vs effects test GATT 870
“disguised restriction on international trade”,
significant effect on achievement of objective and GATT
876, 877
link with legitimate objective, need for GATT
870,
873
balance between restrictive effect on
international trade and “necessity” GATT 909
General Exceptions (GATT XX(b)), measures
necessary to protect human, animal or plant life or health
“necessary”, for achievement of legitimate
objective GATT 897–9
“reasonably available” alternative WTO-consistent
measure GATT 907–8
complimentary measures distinguished GATT 908
three-tier test GATT 891
judicial economy
definition DSU 642
prior decision on another point rendering
discussion otiose, finding of non-compliance in first situation, need
for DSU 642
panel reports, adoption of report/notice of appeal
(DSU 16.4), extension of deadline procedural agreement on DSU
831
standard/powers of review (AB) (issues of law and
legal interpretations) (DSU 17.6), reversal of panel
findings, effect GATT 876
Brazil — Retreaded Tyres (Panel), WT/DS332/R
General Exceptions (GATT XX), two-step analysis
(justification under paras. (a)–(j)/compliance with chapeau) GATT 850
General Exceptions (GATT XX(b)), measures
necessary to protect human, animal or plant life or health,
justification, compliance with GATT XX chapeau, need for GATT 910
General Exceptions (GATT XX(d)), measures
necessary to secure compliance with GATT-consistent measure,
constituent elements, “laws or regulations” GATT 924
quantitative restrictions, elimination (GATT XI)
“prohibition or restriction” (GATT XI:1)
import prohibition GATT 609
enforcement measures GATT 611
Brazil — Retreaded Tyres (Article
21.3(c)),
WT/DS332/R
“reasonable period” for implementation of
recommendations and rulings (Article 21.3(c) arbitrations)
administrative measures as means of
implementation, relevance DSU 1050 n. 1634
shortest period possible within Member’s normal
legislative process DSU 1034
time required for ratification of treaty DSU 1500
treaty, provisional application (VCLT 25) DSU 1500
broadcasting (copyright):
see Berne
Convention/TRIPS, broadcasting (Berne 11bis)
budget and contributions (WTO VII)
see also Budget, Finance and Administration
Committee (WTO IV:7) (BFA Committee)
annual budget estimate WTO 181
annual budgetary and financial reports WTO 180
BFA recommendations WTO 181
contributions, measures in respect of members in
arrears WTO 187
“inactive members” WTO 187
contributions, methodology for calculating
1947 WTO 183
1995 WTO 184
2000 WTO 185–6
Financial Regulations (WTO) WTO
182, 189
regular review WTO 182
Financial Rules (WTO) WTO
182, 189
Global Trust Fund (Doha Development Agenda) WTO
188
Voluntary Contributions, Gifts, or Donations from
Non-Governmental Donors, Guidelines (2000) WTO 190
Budget, Finance and Administration Committee (WTO
IV:7) (BFA Committee)
see also budget and contributions
(WTO VII)
annual reports WTO 129
establishment WTO
99, 127
rules of procedure (1995) WTO 128
technical assistance, instruction to develop plan
for long-term funding (Doha) WTO 111
terms of reference WTO 127
burden of proof (general rules)
For specific applications see also under individual
subject headings
adverse inferences (DSU 13) and DSU 558–63
sufficiency of burden of proof rules DSU 563
allocation
requirement to indicate DSU 553
responding party SPS 33
allocation (general rule/exception relationship)
characterization of SPS 5.7 as autonomous right,
effect SPS 324–5,
335
SPS 2.2 and 5.7 (including consolidation) SPS
36, 326, 327
TBT 2.4 TBT 52
arbitration (DSU 25) DSU 1328
Article 21.5 compliance proceedings DSU 582
Article 22.6 arbitrations DSU 583–4
allocation by arbitrator SCM
248, 337
Article 22.6 arbitrations under SCM 4.11 DSU 585–6
compliance with SG 4.2 DSU 549
cooperation of parties and DSU
573, 586
defences and exceptions
GATT XV:9(a) GATT 707
GATT XXIV (RTAs) GATT 1035
difficulty in collecting information and DSU 570–2
disclosure obligation and DSU 573
on domestic law DSU 578
exception/affirmative defence and GATT
707, 853,
SCM 656, SG 65, DSU 540
good faith presumptions, relevance DSU 1276
impossible burden SG
71, DSU 564–9
proving a negative DSU 566–9
non-violation claims (GPA XXII:2) GPA 33
onus probandi actori incumbit GATT
768, 853,
967–8, SPS 32–3,
TBT 52–3,
AD 51, SCM
248, 337, 653,
SG 71, 314,
317, 333,
DSU 539–43,
585, 1690,
1691
order of analysis DSU 554
panel’s right to seek information and advice (DSU
13/SPS 11.2), relevance DSU 556, 738
post-suspension cases (DSU 22.8/SPS 5.7) DSU 1274–6
prima facie case requirement
GATT 598, 853,
SPS 76, AD 96, 121–3,
163, 172,
189, 196–7,
211, 216,
217, 610,
SCM
248
establishment of party’s case by panel,
exclusion SPS 278, 421,
548, DSU 556–7,
766
evidence necessary to establish, case-by-case
approach SPS 35, DSU 548
evidence other than that submitted by parties,
panel’s right to consider DSU 549–50
explicit finding, relevance DSU
546, 551–2
failure to present sufficient evidence GATT
761,
GATS 102, DSU 547
inconclusive outcome/ “equipoise” DSU 545
“more likely than not” test DSU 555
presumption of no relevant studies or
report/proving a negative SPS 34
“prima facie” DSU 546–7
procedural fairness and DSU 572
reversal SG 15, DSU 544
sovereignty issues DSU 1741
suspension of concessions (DSU 22.4) DSU 583–4
written record of analysis, relevance AD 267
on WTO law GATT 82–3,
DSU 574–7
business confidential information (BCI)
additional procedures
AB (ABWP 16(1)) DSU 919–21,
1379–81
panel (DSU 12.1) DSU 687–8,
919, 1381
table showing use of DSU 921
ex parte communications with panel or AB (DSU
18.1) and DSU 905–7
obligation to return or destroy
parallel confidential/non-confidential reports DSU
709, 922–3
business confidential information (PSI 2.9–2.13)
PSI
8–9
business practices (GATS IX)
GATS 68
electronic commerce GATS 68
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